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Author |
Mills, M.G.L.; Shenk, M.G.L. |
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Title |
Predator--Prey Relationships: The Impact of Lion Predation on Wildebeest and Zebra Populations |
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Year |
1992 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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61 |
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3 |
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693-702 |
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1. The role of lion Panthera leo predation in the dynamics of blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and zebra Equus burchelli populations was investigated through simulation models. The data used in the models were from intensive observations over 4 years in the south-east of the Kruger National Park. 2. Population estimates of wildebeest and zebra were made from aerial surveys, sex and age ratios from ground counts. Lion numbers were determined from observations of marked and radio-collared animals. Predation was studied by following lions for continuous periods of up to 336 h. 3. Two models were constructed. Model 1 ascertained the number of killing lions (adult females) that could be supported by each prey population while remaining stable. A single model was constructed for the sedentary wildebeest population. A summer and winter model was constructed for the semi-migratory zebra population. The sensitivity of the parameters in the model was tested by changing their value by 10%. In model 2, the kill age structure for each species was changed to determine the number of killing lions the altered prey selection parameters could support. 4. There was no difference in the vulnerability of either species to predation. Zebra foals (<1 year) were killed more frequently than expected. No selection for sex or by season could be found for either species. 5. Model 1 predicted that the wildebeest population stabilizes with 7.7 killing lions, close to the number in the study area. The winter zebra population stabilizes with 6.8 killing lions and the summer zebra population with 19.4. Manipulation of kill rate followed by adult fecundity rate had the greatest effect on population size of both species. In model 2, wildebeest predation was made selective towards calves and zebra predation was made non-selective for sex and age. With these parameters the wildebeest population stabilizes with 10.7 killing lions and the zebra population with 5.4 in winter and 15.1 in summer. 6. The models suggest that lion predation affected wildebeest more severely than zebra during the study. This was through the way in which lions selected their prey, and because of the sedentary behaviour of the wildebeest, as opposed to the semi-migratory behaviour of the zebra. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2376 |
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Author |
Munthali, S.M.; Banda, H.M. |
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Title |
Distribution and abundance of the common ungulates of Nyika National Park |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Afr. J. Ecol |
Abbreviated Journal |
Afr. J. Ecol |
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30 |
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203-212 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2390 |
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Author |
Davis, H.; Balfour, D. (eds) |
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Title |
The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions |
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1992 |
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Book Description
Although animals are widely employed as research subjects, it is only recently that we have acknowledged the bond that frequently, perhaps inevitably, develops between subject and researcher. Whatever the qualities of this relationship, an increasing body of evidence suggests that it may result in profound behavioural and physiological changes in the animal subject. Such effects are apparent in behavioural studies conducted in both laboratory and field settings. They also appear in physiological studies ranging from the biomedical (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, immunological changes) to animal science (e.g. growth, reproduction). Such effects are not confined to obvious cases involving primates and dogs, but appear in unexpected animals like chickens, reptiles and even octopuses. Despite the fact that most researchers are trained to minimise or avoid such interactions, they continue to occur. This book, the first of its kind to address this issue systematically, describes many examples of this “inevitable bond” between scientist and animal. This discussion will allow researchers to anticipate these potentially confounding effects and take advantage of such relationships in designing more effective and humane environments for animal subjects. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts |
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Davis, H.; Balfour, D. |
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978-0521405102 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3595 |
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Author |
Poysa, Hannu |
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Title |
Group Foraging in Patchy Environments: The Importance of Coarse-Level Local Enhancement |
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1992 |
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Ornis Scandinavica |
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Ornis[ Scand[ |
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23 |
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2 |
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159-166 |
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Local enhancement is one way individuals may realize foraging advantages from grouping. A distinction between fine-level and coarse-level local enhancement is made, the latter often being neglected in theoretical research on group foraging. In the former case, an individual has a higher feeding rate as a member of a group because individuals copy other group members' foraging, whereas in the latter, groups simply attract other individuals to patches where food is particularly abundant and copying does not occur within the group. Coarse-level local enhancement may decrease the time needed to find profitable feeding patches in spatially and temporally variable environments. A review of the empirical literature indicated that coarse-level local enhancement is typical in bird species foraging in open habitats and in large groups with relatively little competition between group members whereas the opposite attributes fit the species for which fine-level local enhancement had been documented. Furthermore, species in which coarse-level local enhancement prevails usually forage in temporary groups. However, coarse-level and fine-level local enhancement are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but which one is more important in a particular case may be habitat-dependent. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4272 |
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Author |
Leng, V. |
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Title |
Das Vielseitigkeitspferd. Der Vielseitigkeitsreiter. Ausbildung, Training, Event. |
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1992 |
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Blv Verlagsgesellschaft |
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München |
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3 405 14344 6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4438 |
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Author |
Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. |
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Title |
Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations |
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1992 |
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Nature |
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Nature |
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355 |
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250-253 |
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10.1038/355250a0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4842 |
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Author |
Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Houston, A.I. |
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Title |
Beyond the prisoner's dilemma: Toward models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature |
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1992 |
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Trends Evol. Ecol. |
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7 |
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202-205 |
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The iterated prisoner's dilemma game, or IPD, has now established itself as the orthodox paradigm for theoretical investigations of the evolution of cooperation; but its scope is restricted to reciprocity, which is only one of three categories of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Even within that category, a cooperative encounter has in general three phases, and the IPD has nothing to say about two of them. To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach. |
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10.1016/0169-5347(92)90074-L |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4843 |
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Author |
Aureli, F.; Cossolino, R.; Cordischi, C.; Scucchi, S. |
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Title |
Kin-oriented redirection among Japanese macaques: an expression of a revenge system? |
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Journal Article |
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1992 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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44 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
283-291 |
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The ability to recognize the close associates of other group members may permit the display of redirected aggression against the relatives of the former aggressor. However, the dominance structure and the kin-based alliance system of macaque society are expected not to favour the occurrence of this kin-oriented redirection. Nevertheless, within 1 h of being the victim of an attack, Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, were more likely to attack the former aggressor's kin than without such a conflict. The conditions under which the victim redirected against the former aggressor's kin were investigated. This kin-oriented redirection did not occur preferentially either after conflicts between individuals with unstable and/or uncertain dominance relationships or after conflicts with individuals that were unlikely to intervene in favour of their kin. Victims redirected against individuals that were younger than the former aggressor and often subordinate to the victim. They also redirected in an opportunistic way by joining polyadic interactions against the former aggressor's kin. The possibility that this kin-oriented redirection may have a long-term function in changing the aggressive attitude of the aggressor towards the victim is also discussed. In addition, the victim's kin also displayed a form of kin-oriented redirection. They were more likely to attack the kin of an individual after it had attacked their own kin. |
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10.1016/0003-3472(92)90034-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4867 |
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Author |
de Waal, F. B. M. |
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Title |
Coalitions as part of reciprocal relations in the Arnhem chimpanzee colony |
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1992 |
Publication |
Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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233-257 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4877 |
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Author |
Manson, J.H. |
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Title |
Measuring female mate choice in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques |
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1992 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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44 |
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405-416 |
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Few studies of female mate choice have been carried out among free-ranging non-human primates. To qualify as female mate choice, behaviour by oestrous females must predict the occurrence or rate of potentially fertile copulations, in comparisons between heterosexual dyads. In this paper, data are presented to show three behaviour patterns that meet this criterion in free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, at the island colony of Cayo Santiago: (1) selective cooperation with male sexual solicitations (hip-grasps), (2) restoration of proximity following attacks on females by intruding males, and (3) proximity maintenance (in one of two study groups). Oestrous females maintained proximity preferentially to lower ranking males, but this appeared to reflect differences in the tactics necessary to achieve copulations with males of different dominance ranks, rather than preference for lower ranking mates. Male-oestrous female dyads showed consistency over two consecutive mating seasons in which partner was responsible for proximity maintenance. Male dominance rank was positively correlated with copulatory rate with fertile females. However, in one study group, males to whom oestrous females maintained proximity more actively had higher copulatory rates with fertile females, independent of the effects of male dominance rank. |
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10.1016/0003-3472(92)90051-A |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4889 |
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