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Author Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H. openurl 
  Title The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Abbreviated Journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  
  Volume 94 Issue 13 Pages 7109-7114  
  Keywords Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats  
  Abstract Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA  
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  ISSN (up) 0027-8424 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9192700 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 607  
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Author Griffin, D.R. doi  openurl
  Title Animals know more than we used to think Type
  Year 2001 Publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Abbreviated Journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  
  Volume 98 Issue 9 Pages 4833-4834  
  Keywords Animal Communication; Animals; Attention/physiology; Brain/physiology; Choice Behavior/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta/physiology/*psychology; Memory/*physiology; Optic Disk/physiology; Psychological Tests  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 0027-8424 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:11320232 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2823  
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Author Hampton, R.R. doi  openurl
  Title Rhesus monkeys know when they remember Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Abbreviated Journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  
  Volume 98 Issue 9 Pages 5359-5362  
  Keywords Animals; Choice Behavior/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Cues; Food Preferences/psychology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Probability; Psychological Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity  
  Abstract Humans are consciously aware of some memories and can make verbal reports about these memories. Other memories cannot be brought to consciousness, even though they influence behavior. This conspicuous difference in access to memories is central in taxonomies of human memory systems but has been difficult to document in animal studies, suggesting that some forms of memory may be unique to humans. Here I show that rhesus macaque monkeys can report the presence or absence of memory. Although it is probably impossible to document subjective, conscious properties of memory in nonverbal animals, this result objectively demonstrates an important functional parallel with human conscious memory. Animals able to discern the presence and absence of memory should improve accuracy if allowed to decline memory tests when they have forgotten, and should decline tests most frequently when memory is attenuated experimentally. One of two monkeys examined unequivocally met these criteria under all test conditions, whereas the second monkey met them in all but one case. Probe tests were used to rule out “cueing” by a wide variety of environmental and behavioral stimuli, leaving detection of the absence of memory per se as the most likely mechanism underlying the monkeys' abilities to selectively decline memory tests when they had forgotten.  
  Address Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 49, Room 1B-80, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. robert@ln.nimh.nih.gov  
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  ISSN (up) 0027-8424 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:11274360 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2824  
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Author Ikeda, M.; Patterson, K.; Graham, K.S.; Ralph, M.A.L.; Hodges, J.R. doi  openurl
  Title A horse of a different colour: do patients with semantic dementia recognise different versions of the same object as the same? Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Neuropsychologia Abbreviated Journal Neuropsychologia  
  Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 566-575  
  Keywords Adult; Aged; Anomia/diagnosis/psychology; Atrophy; *Attention; Color Perception; Dementia/*diagnosis/psychology; *Discrimination Learning; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Humans; Male; *Memory, Short-Term; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Orientation; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Reference Values; Retention (Psychology); Semantics; Size Perception; Temporal Lobe/pathology  
  Abstract Ten patients with semantic dementia resulting from bilateral anterior temporal lobe atrophy, and 10 matched controls, were tested on an object recognition task in which they were invited to choose (from a four-item array) the picture representing “the same thing” as an object picture that they had just inspected and attempted to name. The target in the response array was never physically identical to the studied picture but differed from it – in the various conditions – in size, angle of view, colour or exemplar (e.g. a different breed of dog). In one test block for each patient, the response array was presented immediately after the studied picture was removed; in another block, a 2 min filled delay was inserted between study and test. The patients performed relatively well when the studied object and target response differed only in the size of the picture on the page, but were significantly impaired as a group in the other three type-of-change conditions, even with no delay between study and test. The five patients whose structural brain imaging revealed major right-temporal atrophy were more impaired overall, and also more affected by the 2 min delay, than the five patients with an asymmetric pattern characterised by predominant left-sided atrophy. These results are interpreted in terms of a hypothesis that successful classification of an object token as an object type is not a pre-semantic ability but rather results from interaction of perceptual and conceptual processing.  
  Address Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. mikeda@m.ehime-u.ac.jp  
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  ISSN (up) 0028-3932 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16115656 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4059  
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Author Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. openurl 
  Title Directed forgetting in animals Type Journal Article
  Year 1993 Publication Psychological bulletin Abbreviated Journal Psychol Bull  
  Volume 113 Issue 3 Pages 513-532  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis  
  Abstract Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506  
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  ISSN (up) 0033-2909 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:8316612 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 259  
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Author Rapin, V.; Poncet, P.A.; Burger, D.; Mermod, C.; Richard, M.A. doi  openurl
  Title [Measurement of the attention time in the horse] Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde Abbreviated Journal Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd  
  Volume 149 Issue 2 Pages 77-83  
  Keywords Age Factors; Animals; *Attention/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Horses/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Time Factors  
  Abstract A study carried out on 49 horses showed that it is possible to measure the attention time by operant conditioning. After teaching horses an instrumental task using a signal, we were then able to test their attention time by asking them to prolong it increasingly while setting success and failure criteria. Two tests were performed 3 weeks apart. The 2nd test was feasible without relearning, a proof of memory, and was repeatable, a proof of consistency in the attention time. A significant difference was observed between the 3 age groups. Young horses often performed very well during the 1st test but their attention dropped in the 2nd test while older horses were more stable with respect to attention and even increased it slightly. The study shows that there are individual differences but it was not possible to prove a significant influence of breed, gender and paternal influence. Consequently, learning appears to be one of the most interesting approaches for evaluating the attention of horses and for observing their behaviour.  
  Address Laboratoire d'Ecoethologie, Universite de Neuchatel, Suisse. veronique.rapin@unine.ch  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language French Summary Language Original Title Mesure de la duree d'attention chez le cheval  
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  ISSN (up) 0036-7281 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17343134 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1770  
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Author Pennisi, E. openurl 
  Title Schizophrenia clues from monkeys Type
  Year 1997 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 277 Issue 5328 Pages 900  
  Keywords Animals; Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; *Cercopithecus aethiops; Clozapine/pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; *Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine/*metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Memory/drug effects; Phencyclidine/*pharmacology; Prefrontal Cortex/*metabolism; Schizophrenia/chemically induced/drug therapy/*metabolism; Schizophrenic Psychology  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 0036-8075 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:9281070 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2844  
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Author Williams, N. openurl 
  Title Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition Type
  Year 1997 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 275 Issue 5296 Pages 29-30  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Birds; *Cognition; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Memory; Reward; *Social Sciences  
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  ISSN (up) 0036-8075 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:8999531 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2845  
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Author Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title Foraging, memory, and constraints on learning Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Abbreviated Journal Ann N Y Acad Sci  
  Volume 443 Issue Pages 216-226  
  Keywords Animals; Animals, Wild; *Appetitive Behavior; *Avoidance Learning; Birds; *Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences; *Memory; *Mental Recall; Motivation; *Predatory Behavior; Rats; *Taste  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN (up) 0077-8923 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:3860072 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 384  
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Author Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H. doi  openurl
  Title Interval timing with gaps: gap ambiguity as an alternative to temporal decay Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 31 Issue 4 Pages 484-486  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Time Perception/*physiology  
  Abstract C. V. Buhusi, D. Perera, and W. H. Meck (2005) proposed a hypothesis of timing in rats to account for the results of experiments that have used the peak procedure with gaps. According to this hypothesis, the introduction of a gap causes the animal's memory for the pregap interval to passively decay (subjectively shorten) in direct proportion to the duration and salience of the gap. Thus, animals should pause with short, nonsalient gaps but should reset their clock with longer, salient gaps. The present authors suggest that the ambiguity of the gap (i.e., the similarity between the gap and the intertrial interval in both appearance and relative duration) causes the animal to actively reset the clock and prevents adequate assessments of the fate of timed intervals prior to the gap. Furthermore, when the intertrial interval is discriminable from the gap, the evidence suggests that timed intervals prior to the gap are not lost but are retained in memory.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. zentall@uky.edu  
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  ISSN (up) 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16248734 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 220  
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