Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination			Type	Journal Article
Year	1994	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	20	Issue	2	Pages	176-183
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-).
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8189186			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	258
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M.
Title	How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	219-235
Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/psychology; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment
Abstract	Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1619391			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	382
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Author	Beckers, T.; Miller, R.R.; De Houwer, J.; Urushihara, K.
Title	Reasoning rats: forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. General	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Gen
Volume	135	Issue	1	Pages	92-102
Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Fear; Female; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; Problem Solving; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Abstract	Forward blocking is one of the best-documented phenomena in Pavlovian animal conditioning. According to contemporary associative learning theories, forward blocking arises directly from the hardwired basic learning rules that govern the acquisition or expression of associations. Contrary to this view, here the authors demonstrate that blocking in rats is flexible and sensitive to constraints of causal inference, such as violation of additivity and ceiling considerations. This suggests that complex cognitive processes akin to causal inferential reasoning are involved in a well-established Pavlovian animal conditioning phenomenon commonly attributed to the operation of basic associative processes.
Address	Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, NY, USA. tom.beckers@psy.kuleuven.be
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0096-3445	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16478318			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	155
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
Title	Foraging, memory, and constraints on learning			Type	Journal Article
Year	1985	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
Volume	443	Issue		Pages	216-226
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences; Memory; Mental Recall; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Rats; *Taste
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3860072			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	384
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Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
Title	Signalers and receivers in animal communication			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Annual review of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Psychol
Volume	54	Issue		Pages	145-173
Keywords	Affect; Animal Communication; Animals; Arousal; Auditory Perception; Motivation; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment. The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior, they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0066-4308	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12359915			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	690
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Author	de Waal, F.B.M.; Davis, J.M.
Title	Capuchin cognitive ecology: cooperation based on projected returns			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Neuropsychologia	Abbreviated Journal	Neuropsychologia
Volume	41	Issue	2	Pages	221-228
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Cebus/psychology; Cooperative Behavior; Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Motivation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement Schedule; Social Behavior
Abstract	Stable cooperation requires that each party's pay-offs exceed those available through individual action. The present experimental study on brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) investigated if decisions about cooperation are (a) guided by the amount of competition expected to follow the cooperation, and (b) made instantaneously or only after a period of familiarization. Pairs of adult monkeys were presented with a mutualistic cooperative task with variable opportunities for resource monopolization (clumped versus dispersed rewards), and partner relationships (kin versus nonkin). After pre-training, each pair of monkeys (N=11) was subjected to six tests, consisting of 15 2 min trials each, with rewards available to both parties. Clumped reward distribution had an immediate negative effect on cooperation: this effect was visible right from the start, and remained visible even if clumped trials alternated with dispersed trials. The drop in cooperation was far more dramatic for nonkin than kin, which was explained by the tendency of dominant nonkin to claim more than half of the rewards under the clumped condition. The immediacy of responses suggests a decision-making process based on predicted outcome of cooperation. Decisions about cooperation thus take into account both the opportunity for and the likelihood of subsequent competition over the spoils.
Address	Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, 954 N. Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-3932	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12459220			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	182
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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M.
Title	Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts			Type	Journal Article
Year	1995	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
Volume	63	Issue	2	Pages	127-137
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology)
Abstract	In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:7714447			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	256
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Author	Harlow, H.F.
Title	Learning and satiation of response in intrinsically motivated complex puzzle performance by monkeys			Type	Journal Article
Year	1950	Publication	Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Physiol Psychol
Volume	43	Issue	4	Pages	289-294
Keywords	Animals; Haplorhini; Learning; Motivation; Psychology; Satiation; Learning; Motivation; Psychology
Abstract	Two rhesus monkeys, given 60 two-hour sessions with a six-device mechanical puzzle showed clear evidence of learning, the curve showing ratio of incorrect to correct responses appearing quite comparable to similar curves obtained during externally rewarded situations. When, on the thirteenth day of tests, the subjects were presented with the puzzle 100 times at 6-minute intervals, the number of devices manipulated decreased regularly throughout the day, although there was no significant change in the number of times the problem assembly was attacked.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0021-9940	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15436888			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6550
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Author	Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
Volume	112	Issue	1	Pages	21-39
Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts.
Address	University of Kentucky, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10696277			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	249
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Author	Fischhoff, I.R.; Sundaresan, S.R.; Cordingley, J.; Larkin, H.M.; Sellier, M.-J.; Rubenstein, D.I.
Title	Social relationships and reproductive state influence leadership roles in movements of plains zebra, Equus burchellii			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
Volume	73	Issue	5	Pages	825-831
Keywords	collective movements; drinking; equid; Equus burchellii; foraging; group dynamics; motivation; plains zebra; reproductive status; social relationships
Abstract	In animal groups, collective movements emerge from individual interactions. Biologists seek to identify how characteristics of actors in these groups, and their relationships, influence the decision-making process. We distinguished two basic factors determining leadership in group choices: identity and state. We hypothesized that identity is more important to leadership in groups with stable relationships, which permit the development of habitual roles. In groups with fluid membership, particular individuals or subgroups are less likely to emerge as consistent leaders. Instead, we predicted that movement initiation in unstable groups depends on individual state at the time of the decision. We characterized how identity and reproductive state influenced leadership patterns in the movements of plains zebra. As in many other mammals, lactation in this species significantly alters water and energy needs. We investigated leadership in tightly knit harems and loosely bonded herds of multiple harems. Harem females tended to have habitual roles in the initiation of harem movement. In herds, however, we found no consistent leaders among harems. At both levels of social organization, lactation was a key determinant of leadership. In harems, lactating females were more likely to initiate movement than nonlactating females. In turn, harems containing lactating females were more likely to lead herd movements. Thus, we conclude that social relationships and reproductive state together shape the interactions that produce group behaviours. One benefit to lactating females of leading herd movements is preferential access to scarce water. Thus, leadership roles in group decisions may have fitness consequences.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092			Serial	1825
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