Records |
Author |
Boyce, P.N.; McLoughlin, P.D. |
Title |
Ecological Interactions Involving Feral Horses and Predators: Review with Implications for Biodiversity Conservation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
The Journal of Wildlife Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Jour. Wild. Mgmt. |
Volume |
n/a |
Issue |
n/a |
Pages |
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Keywords |
apparent competition; artificial selection; community ecology; conservation; feral horse (Equus ferus caballus); life history; predator-prey dynamics |
Abstract |
ABSTRACT For many ecosystems, feral horses are increasingly becoming an important if not dominant component of ungulate biomass and hence influence on community dynamics. Yet we still know little of how horses contribute to key ecological interactions including predator-prey and indirect competitive relationships at a community level. Notably, feral species like horses can exhibit life-history traits that differ from that of native (mainly artiodactyl) herbivore competitors. Artificial selection for traits like increased, early, or extended reproduction that have yet to be reversed by natural selection, coupled with naturally selected differences in anatomy and behavior, in addition to unique management objectives for horses compared to other species, means that the dynamics of feral horse populations are not likely to align with what might be expected of other large herbivores. Unexpected population dynamics and inherent biological asymmetries between native ungulates and feral horses may therefore influence the former via direct competition for shared resources and through enemy-mediated interactions like apparent competition. In several localities feral horses now co-exist with multiple native prey species, some of which are in decline or are species at risk. Compounding risks to native species from direct or indirect competitive exclusion by horses is the unique nature and socio-political context of feral horse management, which tends towards allowing horse populations to be limited largely by natural, density-dependent factors. We summarize the inherent asymmetries between feral horse biology and that of other ungulate prey species with consequences for conservation, focusing on predator-prey and emerging indirect interactions in multi-prey systems, and highlight future directions to address key knowledge gaps in our understanding of how feral horses may now be contributing to the (re)structuring of food webs. Observations of patterns of rapid growth and decline, and associated skews in sex ratios of feral horse populations, indicate a heightened potential for indirect interactions among large ungulate prey species, where there is a prevalence of feral horses as preferred prey, particularly where native prey are declining. In places like western North America, we expect predator-prey interactions involving feral horses to become an increasingly important factor in the conservation of wildlife. This applies not only to economically or culturally important game species but also at-risk species, both predators (e.g., wolves [Canis lupus], grizzly bears [Ursus arctos]) and prey (e.g., woodland caribou [Rangifer tarandus caribou]), necessitating an ecological understanding of the role of horses in natural environments that goes beyond that of population control. ? 2021 The Wildlife Society. |
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Publisher |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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ISSN |
0022-541x |
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https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21995 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6642 |
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Author |
Lee, R.D. |
Title |
Rethinking the evolutionary theory of aging: transfers, not births, shape senescence in social species |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Volume |
100 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
9637-9642 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological; *Aging; Animals; *Biological Evolution; Demography; Economics; Environment; Fertility; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Models, Theoretical; Parturition; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Reproduction |
Abstract |
The classic evolutionary theory of aging explains why mortality rises with age: as individuals grow older, less lifetime fertility remains, so continued survival contributes less to reproductive fitness. However, successful reproduction often involves intergenerational transfers as well as fertility. In the formal theory offered here, age-specific selective pressure on mortality depends on a weighted average of remaining fertility (the classic effect) and remaining intergenerational transfers to be made to others. For species at the optimal quantity-investment tradeoff for offspring, only the transfer effect shapes mortality, explaining postreproductive survival and why juvenile mortality declines with age. It also explains the evolution of lower fertility, longer life, and increased investments in offspring. |
Address |
Department of Demography, University of California, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. rlee@demog.berkeley.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0027-8424 |
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Notes |
PMID:12878733 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5465 |
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Author |
Hashimoto, C.; Takenaka, O.; Furuichi, T. |
Title |
Matrilineal kin relationship and social behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus): Sequencing the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
37 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
305-318-318 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
Matrilineal kin-relations among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) were studied by DNA analysis. Subject individuals were the members of E1 group, living at Wamba, Zaire, which has been studied since 1974. DNA samples were extracted from wadges that bonobos spat out when feeding on sugar cane. The D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA was amplified by the PCR method, and a nucleotide sequence of 350 base pairs was determined for 17 individuals. Nucleotide variations were found at 44 positions of the sequence. Based on these variations, 13 matrilineal units were divided into seven groups, and the mother of an orphan male was determined among several females. These genetic analyses, together with behavioral observation to date, revealed the following facts. High sequence variation in the target region indicated that females transfer between groups of bonobos, which is in agreement with supposition from long-term field studies. For females, there was no relationship between genetic closeness and social closeness that is represented by frequencies of proximity or grooming. After immigration into a new group, females form social associations with senior females without regard to kin relationship. |
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Springer Japan |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5199 |
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Author |
Imanishi, K. |
Title |
Identification : A process of enculturation in the subhuman society of Macaca fuscata |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1957 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
1 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-29-29 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Publisher |
Springer Japan |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5266 |
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Author |
Koyama, N. |
Title |
Playmate relationships among individuals of the Japanese monkey troop in arashiyama |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
26 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
390-406-406 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7 individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success. |
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Springer Japan |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5327 |
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Author |
McGrew, W.; Marchant, L. |
Title |
Laterality of hand use pays off in foraging success for wild chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
509-513 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
The aim of this study was to see if behavioral lateralization in hand use benefits a lateralized organism in nature. We recorded wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe, Tanzania, fishing for termites (Macrotermes spp.), an extractive foraging task using elementary technology. We compared individual apes who were completely lateralized, using only one hand or the other for the task, versus those who were incompletely lateralized, using either hand. Exclusively lateralized individuals were more efficient, that is, gathered more prey per unit effort, but were no different in success or error rate from incompletely lateralized apes. This is the first demonstration of a payoff to laterality of behavioral function in primates in conditions of ecological validity. |
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Springer Japan |
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0032-8332 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5368 |
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Author |
Peltzer, K.; Mabilu, M.G.; Mathoho, S.F.; Nekhwevha, A.P.; Sikhwivhilu, T.; Sinthumule, T.S. |
Title |
Trauma history and severity of gambling involvement among horse-race gamblers in a South African gambling setting |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Rep |
Volume |
99 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
472-476 |
Keywords |
Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group/*psychology/statistics & numerical data; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gambling/*psychology; Humans; *Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Personality Inventory; Risk Factors; *Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Statistics; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology |
Abstract |
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency of gambling involvement and the prevalence of problem gambling among horse race gamblers and to discover whether problem gambling in this sample is associated with a history of trauma. Among a sample of 266 South African horse-race gamblers (94% men and 6% women, Mage 46.8 yr., SD = 13.9, range 18-85 years), 31.2% were classified as probable pathological gamblers and 19.9% with problem gambling. Major weekly gambling activities included racetrack betting (82%), purchase of lottery tickets or scratch tickets (35%), purchase of sports lottery tickets (23%), and using casino type games (18%). Trauma history was significantly associated with gambling severity. |
Address |
Human Sciences Research Council, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa. KPeltzer@hsrc.ac.za |
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English |
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0033-2941 |
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PMID:17153816 |
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no |
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Serial |
1850 |
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Author |
Alexander, F.; Collett, R.A. |
Title |
Pethidine in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Research in veterinary science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Res Vet Sci |
Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
136-137 |
Keywords |
Animals; Half-Life; Horses/*metabolism; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary; Male; Meperidine/administration & dosage/analysis/*metabolism/pharmacology |
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English |
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0034-5288 |
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PMID:4421117 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
113 |
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Author |
Matzke, S.M.; Oubre, J.L.; Caranto, G.R.; Gentry, M.K.; Galbicka, G. |
Title |
Behavioral and immunological effects of exogenous butyrylcholinesterase in rhesus monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol Biochem Behav |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
523-530 |
Keywords |
Animals; Antibody Formation/drug effects; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Butyrylcholinesterase/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; Color Perception/drug effects; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects; Discrimination Learning/drug effects; Half-Life; Horses; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male |
Abstract |
Although conventional therapies prevent organophosphate (OP) lethality, laboratory animals exposed to such treatments typically display behavioral incapacitation. Pretreatment with purified exogenous human or equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BuChE), conversely, has effectively prevented OP lethality in rats and rhesus monkeys, without producing the adverse side effects associated with conventional treatments. In monkeys, however, using a commercial preparation of Eq-BuChE has been reported to incapacitate responding. In the present study, repeated administration of commercially prepared Eq-BuChE had no systematic effect on behavior in rhesus monkeys as measured by a six-item serial probe recognition task, despite 7- to 18-fold increases in baseline BuChE levels in blood. Antibody production induced by the enzyme was slight after the first injection and more pronounced following the second injection. The lack of behavioral effects, the relatively long in vivo half-life, and the previously demonstrated efficacy of BuChE as a biological scavenger for highly toxic OPs make BuChE potentially more effective than current treatment regimens for OP toxicity. |
Address |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0091-3057 |
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Notes |
PMID:10080246 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4064 |
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Author |
Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B. |
Title |
Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
17 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
429-443 |
Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
Abstract |
Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females. |
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Springer Netherlands |
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0164-0291 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5245 |
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