Records |
Author |
Dindo, M.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Partner effects on food consumption in brown capuchin monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
448-456 |
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Abstract |
It has been claimed that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) show inequity aversion in relation to food rewards for a simple exchange task. However, other factors may affect the willingness of a monkey to consume foods of high or low value in the presence of a conspecific. In this study, pairs of monkeys were presented with unequally valued foods, but without any task-performance: they simply received the food under four experimental conditions. By looking at the rate of collection and consumption of low-valued cucumber slices we expected to see variation dependent on whether the partner either had 1) cucumber (equity), 2) grape (inequity), 3) inaccessible cucumber or 4) inaccessible grape. Testing 12 adult capuchin monkeys, our findings differed from those of other authors in that the monkeys failed to show negative reactions to inequity, but rather responded with scramble competition (i.e., fast food collection) in the presence of a conspecific without access to food. They also showed facilitated consumption in the presence of a conspecific consuming high-valued food. Possibly, (in)equity plays a different role if food serves as a reward for a task rather than if it is simply made available for consumption. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1-9, 2007. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:17146793 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
158 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; Freeman, C.; De Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
713-724 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Food Preferences/physiology; Male; *Reward |
Abstract |
It was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher-value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher-value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward. |
Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:16786518 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
160 |
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Author |
Vokey, J.R.; Rendall, D.; Tangen, J.M.; Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
194-199 |
Keywords |
Animals; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; Random Allocation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
The male-offspring biased visual kin recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reported by L. A. Parr and F. B. M. de Waal (1999) was replicated with human (Homo sapiens) participants and a principal components analysis (PCA) of pixel maps of the chimpanzee face photos. With the same original materials and methods, both humans and the PCA produced the same asymmetry in kin recognition as found with the chimpanzees. The PCA suggested that the asymmetry was a function of differences in the distribution of global characteristics associated with the framing of the faces in the son and daughter test sets. Eliminating potential framing biases, either by cropping the photos tightly to the faces or by rebalancing the recognition foils, eliminated the asymmetry but not human participants' ability to recognize chimpanzee kin. |
Address |
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. vokey@uleth.ca |
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0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:15250806 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
171 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; Jeannotte, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
149-159 |
Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Play and Playthings; Recognition (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology); *Social Perception |
Abstract |
Prescriptive social rules are enforced statistical regularities. The authors investigated whether juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and use enforced statistical regularities to guide dyadic play behavior. They hypothesized (a) that proximity of adults, especially mothers of younger play partners, to play bouts will increase the play signaling of older partners and (b) that when juvenile-juvenile play bouts occur in proximity to adults, older partners will play at a lower intensity than when no adults are present. They found that older and younger partners increase their play signaling in the presence of the mothers of younger partners, particularly as the intensity of play bouts increases. In contrast to their hypothesis, older partners played more roughly when the mothers of younger partners were in proximity. These results suggest that juvenile chimpanzees increase play signaling to prevent termination of the play bouts by mothers of younger partners. |
Address |
Santa Fe Institute, NM 97501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:15250802 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
172 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Socially learned preferences for differentially rewarded tokens in the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
133-139 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cebus; *Choice Behavior; Female; *Learning; Male; *Reward; *Social Behavior |
Abstract |
Social learning is assumed to underlie traditions, yet evidence indicating social learning in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), which exhibit traditions, is sparse. The authors tested capuchins for their ability to learn the value of novel tokens using a previously familiar token-exchange economy. Capuchins change their preferences in favor of a token worth a high-value food reward after watching a conspecific model exchange 2 differentially rewarded tokens, yet they fail to develop a similar preference after watching tokens paired with foods in the absence of a conspecific model. They also fail to learn that the value of familiar tokens has changed. Information about token value is available in all situations, but capuchins seem to pay more attention in a social situation involving novel tokens. |
Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:15250800 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
173 |
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Author |
Weaver, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
The mother-offspring relationship as a template in social development: reconciliation in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
117 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
101-110 |
Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cebus; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; *Maternal Behavior; Pilot Projects; *Social Behavior; Statistics, Nonparametric |
Abstract |
Mother-offspring (MO) relationship quality was investigated to determine its influence on the development of reconciliation--affiliation between opponents shortly after a fight--because it influenceswhat distressed youngsters learn about calming down. Data were longitudinal and cross-sectional observational samples of 38 MO pairs of monkeys across 24 months. An MO relationship quality index (RQI) classified each pair as secure or insecure. Reconciliation emerged in infancy.Secure youngsters had an appeasing conciliatory style, and insecure youngsters had an agitated conciliatory style. Conclusions are that reconciliation develops from the attachment behavior system and MO RQI is related to the particular conciliatory style youngsters develop by affecting how aroused they are by conflict and the subsequent socializing they seek to calm down. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dazzlingdolphins@cox.net |
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0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:12735370 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
180 |
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Author |
Weaver, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
An index of relationship quality based on attachment theory |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
116 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
93-106 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; *Maternal Behavior; *Object Attachment; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Pilot Projects |
Abstract |
Two measures are reported of the nature or quality of a mother-offspring (MO) relationship during development using brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) as models. One is a qualitative classification of MO relationships as secure, resistant, or avoidant attachments. The other is an empirical ratio of relative affiliation to agonism called the MO relationship quality, or MORQ, Index. The two methods tapped similar relationship features so relationships high or low of a median split of MORQ values were heuristically labeled secure (n = 22) or insecure (n = 16), respectively. A comparison revealed extensive behavioral differences between secure and insecure MO relationships and suggested MORQ provided an objective, continuous measure of attachment security. |
Address |
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA. achweaver@att.net |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:11930937 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
183 |
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Author |
Bonnie, K.E.; Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume |
274 |
Issue |
1608 |
Pages |
367-372 |
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Abstract |
Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions common in some communities are not present in others. The majority of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required. The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation of others. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:17164200 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
157 |
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Author |
Flack, J.C.; Krakauer, D.C.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Robustness mechanisms in primate societies: a perturbation study |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume |
272 |
Issue |
1568 |
Pages |
1091-1099 |
Keywords |
Aggression/physiology; Animals; *Conflict (Psychology); Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology; Male; *Models, Theoretical; Observation; *Social Behavior |
Abstract |
Conflict management mechanisms have a direct, critical effect on system robustness because they mitigate conflict intensity and help repair damaged relationships. However, robustness mechanisms can also have indirect effects on system integrity by facilitating interactions among components. We explore the indirect role that conflict management mechanisms play in the maintenance of social system robustness, using a perturbation technique to 'knockout' components responsible for effective conflict management. We explore the effects of knockout on pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) social organization, using a captive group of 84 individuals. This system is ideal in addressing this question because there is heterogeneity in performance of conflict management. Consequently, conflict managers can be easily removed without disrupting other control structures. We find that powerful conflict managers are essential in maintaining social order for the benefit of all members of society. We show that knockout of components responsible for conflict management results in system destabilization by significantly increasing mean levels of conflict and aggression, decreasing socio-positive interaction and decreasing the operation of repair mechanisms. |
Address |
Santa Fe Institute, NM 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:16024369 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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165 |
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Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; Schiff, H.C.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume |
272 |
Issue |
1560 |
Pages |
253-258 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Attitude; Group Processes; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Reward; *Social Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors |
Abstract |
Economic decision-making depends on our social environment. Humans tend to respond differently to inequity in close relationships, yet we know little about the potential for such variation in other species. We examine responses to inequity in several groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a paradigm similar to that used previously in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We demonstrate that, like capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees show a response to inequity of rewards that is based upon the partner receiving the reward rather than the presence of the reward alone. However, we also found a great amount of variation between groups tested, indicating that chimpanzees, like people, respond to inequity in a variable manner, which we speculate could be caused by such variables as group size, the social closeness of the group (as reflected in length of time that the group has been together) and group-specific traditions. |
Address |
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 North Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:15705549 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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169 |
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