| Records |
| Author |
Santamaria, S.; Back, W.; van Weeren, P.R.; Knaap, J.; Barneveld, A. |
| Title |
Jumping characteristics of naive foals: lead changes and description of temporal and linear parameters |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
34 |
Pages |
302-307 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Newborn/*physiology; Biomechanics; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male |
| Abstract |
The selection of foals as future showjumpers remains a subjective process based on qualitative parameters; and hence, frequently suffers from disparity in the criteria used by experts in the field. A detailed biomechanical description of foals while jumping would be most helpful in providing a better basis for the accurate assessment of their future athletic ability. The Qualisys Pro Reflex system was used to capture 3-dimensional kinematics of 41 Dutch Warmblood foals age 6 months free jumping a vertical fence, preceded by a cross pole fence. The left lead was the most preferred lead for both the fore- and hindlimbs, from the landing following the cross poles to the first move-off stride after clearing the vertical fence. The foals displayed a high incidence of rotary gallop during both the jump stride (divided into take-off, jump suspension and landing) and the first move-off stride, while change of lead was frequently observed during jump suspension. At the take-off side of the fence, the trailing forelimb in the last approach stride was placed furthest from the fence, whereas the trailing hindlimb at take-off was placed closest (P<0.05). At the landing side, the trailing forelimb was the closest and the leading hindlimb of the move-off stride 1 was the furthest (P<0.05). The trailing forelimb in the approach stride 1 had a significantly longer stance phase duration than the leading forelimb. At landing, the leading forelimb stance phase lasted longer than that of the trailing forelimb (P<0.05). The hindlimbs did not differ in their stance phase duration at take-off. The height reached by the hooves above the fence top was significantly greater in the hind limbs (P<0.05). In addition, the hindlimbs (97.1 +/- 2.6%) shortened more than the forelimbs (92.6 +/- 5.7%) (P<0.05). It is concluded that the overall jumping technique of foals is similar to that reported in literature for mature horses. If the patterns are consistent throughout the rearing period, the quantitative analysis of the kinematics of free jumping foals may provide a valid quantitative basis for early selection. |
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Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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English |
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PMID:12405705 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3784 |
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| Author |
Dyson, S. |
| Title |
Lameness and poor performance in the sport horse: Dressage, show jumping and horse trials |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
145-150 |
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3957 |
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| Author |
Bello, T.R. |
| Title |
Practical treatment of body and open leg wounds of horses with bovine collagen, biosynthetic wound dressing and cyanoacrylate |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
157-164 |
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| Abstract |
Horses with severe and deep lacerations are represented by ten cases in which treatment emphasized the use of bovine collagen preparations to promote controlled second-degree repair. Traumatized areas were tarsal, metatarsal, neck, forearm, metacarpal and pastern. Wound size changes were recorded. Depending on the wound type, the site was treated with antibiotic-steroid ointment, organic acid cream, sterile collagen particles, suspension or dressings protected by hydrogel dressing, non-adherent pads, occlusive skin dressings, roll gauze and elastic tape. In three cases, a fiberglas cast was applied over a hind leg wound and lacerated tendon for stability. When controlled granulation of the deeper wounds reached skin level, the area often was stabilized by only cyanoacrylate spray. As these cases presented a wide range of trauma each with a unique history, healing rates were based on initial measurements. An overall progression of wound reduction occurred at a predictable rate. The exogenous collagen formulations were used to stimulate controlled granulation, ie. to “jump start” the healing process. Collagen particles, suspension or dressings were packed into depressions, placed under suture lines, secured over abraded tissue, and placed under protective bandage or cast. To further evaluate the use of cyanoacrylate tissue spray in wound treatments, an additional ten cases are presented. The variety of wounds were produced experimentally in Center-owned ponies or provided as clinical cases. Wound size changes and healing progress were recorded. Wounds occurred on the neck, abdomen, metacarpal, metatarsal, fetlock and pastern areas. Depending on wound type, the site was treated with cyanoacrylate only; or treated as above until controlled granulation attained skin level. In one case punch grafts of skin were transferred from one foreleg to the opposite with the horse standing. Cyanoacrylate spray provided a water proof barrier protecting the wound from dirt, debris and insects as well as stabilizing full-thickness skin lacerations by bridging normal to traumatized skin allowing uninterrupted granulation and epithelialization. The use of a neck cradle prevented wound disturbance and stall confinement aided stabilization. |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3972 |
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| Author |
Andersen, N.H.; Norgaard, A.; Jensen, T.J.; Ulstrup, J. |
| Title |
Sequential unfolding of the two-domain protein Pseudomonas stutzeri cytochrome c4 |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
88 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
316-327 |
| Keywords |
P. stutzeri cytochrome c4; Sequential unfolding; Di-haem protein; Unfolding |
| Abstract |
P. stutzeri cytochrome c4 is a di-haem protein, composed of two globular domains each with His-Met coordinated haem, and a hydrogen bond network between the domains. The domain foldings are highly symmetric but with specific differences including structural differences of ligand coordination, and different spin states of the oxidised haem groups. We have studied unfolding of oxidised P. stutzeri cyt c4 induced thermally and by chemical denaturants. Horse heart cyt c was a reference molecule. Isothermal unfolding induced by guanidinium chloride and acid was followed by Soret, α/β, and 701-nm band absorption, and by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. Multifarious patterns emerge, but the two domains clearly unfold sequentially. One phase, assigned to unfolding of the N-terminal domain, proceeds at guanidinium concentrations up to [approximate]1.0 M. This is followed by two overlapping phases at higher concentrations. The intermediate state maintains Fe-Met coordination, assigned to the C-terminal domain. Interdomain interaction is reflected in decreasing values of the cooperativity parameters. Differential scanning calorimetry shows a single peak, but two peaks appear when guanidinium chloride up to 0.4 M is present. This reflects different chemical action in chemical and thermal unfolding. Acid-induced unfolding kinetics was addressed by pH jumps using diode array stopped-flow techniques. Three kinetic phases in the 701 nm Fe-Met marker band, and four phases in the Soret and α/β bands, spanning 4-1000 ms could be distinguished on pH jumps from 7.5 to the range 2.5-3.5. In this range of time and pH cyt c appears to unfold in no more than two phases. Spectral properties of the kinetic intermediates could be identified. Sequential domain unfolding, formation of high-spin states, and an intermediate state with Fe-Met coordination to a single haem group are features of the unfolding kinetics. |
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3973 |
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| Author |
Casey, R. |
| Title |
Clinical Problems Associated with the Intensive Management of Performance Horses |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
19-44 |
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The physical as well as the behavioural requirements of the horse changed little through the process of domestication. This means that horses kept within an intensively housed environment and used for performance, physically and behaviourally are susceptible to specific clinical conditions, injuries and diseases. In this chapter, physiological and clinical problems such as those causing pain related behaviours and head shaking are discussed. The most commonly associated problems with horses kept in intensive housing conditions or used in specific competitive disciplines are highlighted. Despite the increasing amount of information about injury and disease in the horse, there is little research relating such problems to the situations performance horses have to cope with. This is particularly the case with pain, whose recognition of pain amongst professionals is still variable and often subjective and not widely recognised as a cause of behavioural change. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4376 |
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| Author |
Davidson, N.; Harris, P. |
| Title |
Nutrition and Welfare |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
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45-76 |
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The horse is a social species living in herds and spending the majority of its time roaming and foraging in a diverse and seasonally-varying environment. As a non-ruminant herbivore it is well suited to a high fibre, low starch diet. Domestication has resulted in a number of benefits to the horse, reflected in its continued prevalence and apparently increased life expectancy, but it has not been without its price. Especially in developed countries, horses kept for leisure purposes (which includes all competition and racing horses) are often confined, possibly away from conspecifics, within a stable for a large proportion of the day. Due to increased energy requirements many horses now receive one to two large meals a day, consisting of feedstuffs with a low water content and often a radically different nutritional profile from the diet that they would be able or would choose to select in the wild. These modern practices have benefits but also potential disadvantages to the horse both nutritionally and behaviourally which may have an impact on welfare. This chapter highlights areas where dietary imbalances or inappropriate feeding practices may potentially have an adverse effect on welfare and gives suggestions on how these may be ameliorated. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4377 |
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| Author |
Mills, D.; Clarke, A. |
| Title |
Housing, Management and Welfare |
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Book Chapter |
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2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
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77-97 |
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Horses tend to be housed in loose boxes, stalls, barns and shelters for ease of management, however these systems present several possible threats to equine health and welfare. These systems are reviewed together with the concerns they raise. A common system for the evaluation of the welfare of contained animals focuses on the provision of five freedoms. These are freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition, from discomfort, from pain, injury and disease, from fear and distress and to express most normal patterns of behaviour. This approach is used to assess the ways in which horse welfare may be compromised by certain housing practices and management regimes. Recommendations as to how these problems can be resolved and to promote good practice are provided. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4378 |
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Cooper, J.; McGreevy, P. |
| Title |
Stereotypic Behaviour in the Stabled Horse: Causes, Effects and Prevention without Compromising Horse Welfare |
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Book Chapter |
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2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
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99-124 |
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Apparently functionless, repetitive behaviour in horses, such as weaving or crib-biting has been difficult to explain for behavioural scientists, horse owners and veterinarians alike. Traditionally activities such as these have been classed amongst the broad descriptor of undesirable stable vices and treatment has centred on prevention of the behaviours per se rather than addressing their underlying causes. In contrast, welfare scientists have described such activities as apparently abnormal stereotypics, claiming they are indicative of poor welfare, citing negative emotions such as boredom, frustration or aversion in the stable environment and even suggesting prevention of the activities alone can lead to increased distress. Our understanding of equine stereotypics has advanced significantly in recent years with epidemiological, developmental and experimental studies identifying those factors closely associated with the performance of stereotypics in stabled horses. These have allowed the development of new treatments based on removing the causal factors, improving the horses“ social and nutritional environment, re-training of horses and their owners and redirection of the activities to less harmful forms. Repetitive activities conventionally seen as undesirable responses to the stable environment, their causal basis and the effectiveness of different approaches to treatment are discussed, both in terms of reducing the behaviour and improving the horse”s quality of life. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4379 |
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Waran, N.; McGreevy, P.; Casey, R. |
| Title |
Training Methods and Horse Welfare |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
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151-180 |
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Many aspects of horse care and handling are based upon convenience and traditional practices. Many of these methods of management and practice do not take into account the natural behaviour of horses. This is despite the belief that although domestic horses are probably more docile, stronger, faster growing and faster moving than their ancestors, they are unlikely to have lost any natural behaviours. The performance or sport horse is expected to perform a wide variety of movements and tasks, some of which are unnatural or exaggerated and most of which must be learned. The term “training” is commonly used to describe the processes whereby the human handler introduces the horse to new situations and associations. Performance horses are often required to tolerate stimuli that are innately aversive or threatening, such as having a person on their backs. They are also trained to respond to a stimulus with often unnatural or over-emphasised behaviour, such as some of the dressage movements. Effective and humane training requires an understanding of the processes underlying behaviour. These include knowledge of behaviour under natural conditions, learning processes, the influence of early experience and motivational forces. Horses differ from the other main companion animal species, namely cats and dogs, in that they are a prey species. They most commonly flee from dangerous and painful situations. Horses readily learn to avoid potentially threatening situations and if their attempts to avoid associated stimuli are prevented, they will often exhibit problem behaviours. In this chapter the history of horse training, the application of learning theory and a knowledge of equine behaviour to training, and innovative training methods are all considered. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4380 |
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| Author |
Evans, D. |
| Title |
Welfare of the Racehorse During Exercise Training and Racing |
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Book Chapter |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Welfare of Horses |
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181-201 |
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The welfare of horses in training for racing and competition can be compromised by errors of management of many processes. Lameness is usually identified, as the major problem facing horse trainers and high lameness rates in racehorses is a major welfare concern. Recent epidemiological studies have shed light on important environmental risk factors for lameness and catastrophic incidents during training and racing. Another important threat to the welfare of the athletic horse is failure of appropriate preparation of the horse for competition, resulting in earlier fatigue during a race. Fatigue during racing causes sub-optimal performance, increases the likelihood of injury and, in prolonged exercise contributes to exhaustion and even death. Failure to allow appropriate recovery periods after episodes of training and competition also contributes to a state of chronic fatigue. Trainers recognise that affected horses (or “stale” horses) often have mood disturbances and are reluctant to exercise. Continued excessive training and inadequate recovery (termed, over-training) can result in weight loss and poor performance that is not reversed by short-term recovery periods. In events involving prolonged exercise, the performance and welfare of the horse are compromised by inappropriate fluid balance before and during exercise. Failure to properly prepare and maintain fluid balance of endurance horses results in a severe threat to welfare. Pronounced dehydration and hyperthermia can result in exhaustion and death. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4381 |
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