Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	de Waal, F.B.M.; Davis, J.M.
Title	Capuchin cognitive ecology: cooperation based on projected returns			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Neuropsychologia	Abbreviated Journal	Neuropsychologia
Volume	41	Issue	2	Pages	221-228
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Cebus/psychology; Cooperative Behavior; Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Motivation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement Schedule; Social Behavior
Abstract	Stable cooperation requires that each party's pay-offs exceed those available through individual action. The present experimental study on brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) investigated if decisions about cooperation are (a) guided by the amount of competition expected to follow the cooperation, and (b) made instantaneously or only after a period of familiarization. Pairs of adult monkeys were presented with a mutualistic cooperative task with variable opportunities for resource monopolization (clumped versus dispersed rewards), and partner relationships (kin versus nonkin). After pre-training, each pair of monkeys (N=11) was subjected to six tests, consisting of 15 2 min trials each, with rewards available to both parties. Clumped reward distribution had an immediate negative effect on cooperation: this effect was visible right from the start, and remained visible even if clumped trials alternated with dispersed trials. The drop in cooperation was far more dramatic for nonkin than kin, which was explained by the tendency of dominant nonkin to claim more than half of the rewards under the clumped condition. The immediacy of responses suggests a decision-making process based on predicted outcome of cooperation. Decisions about cooperation thus take into account both the opportunity for and the likelihood of subsequent competition over the spoils.
Address	Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, 954 N. Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-3932	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12459220			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	182
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Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
Title	Animal cooperation among unrelated individuals			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Die Naturwissenschaften	Abbreviated Journal	Naturwissenschaften
Volume	89	Issue	12	Pages	533-541
Keywords	Animals; Phylogeny; *Social Behavior; Species Specificity
Abstract	The evolution of cooperation has long been a topic near and dear to the hearts of behavioral and evolutionary ecologists. Cooperative behaviors run the gamut from fairly simple to very complicated and there are a myriad of ways to study cooperation. Here I shall focus on three paths that have been delineated in the study of intraspecific cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocity, byproduct mutualism, and group selection. In each case, I attempt to delineate the theory underlying each of these paths and then provide examples from the empirical literature. In addition, I shall briefly touch upon some recent work that has attempted to examine (or re-examine) the role of cognition and phylogeny in the study of cooperative behavior. While empirical and theoretical work has made significant strides in the name of better understanding the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behavior in animals, much work remains for the future. “From the point of view of the moralist, the animal world is on about the same level as the gladiator's show. The creatures are fairly well treated, and set to fight; whereby the strongest, the swiftest and the cunningest live to fight another day. The spectator has no need to turn his thumb down, as no quarter is given em leader the weakest and the stupidest went to the wall, while the toughest and the shrewdest, those who were best fitted to cope with their circumstances, but not the best in any other way, survived. Life was a continuous free fight, and em leader a war of each against all was the normal state of existence.” (Huxley 1888)
Address	Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. lee.dugatkin@louisville.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-1042	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12536274			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2797
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Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
Title	Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys			Type	Journal Article
Year	1984	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
Volume	308	Issue	5959	Pages	541-543
Keywords	Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
Abstract	Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:6709060			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	704
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Author	Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J.
Title	Group decision-making in animals			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
Volume	421	Issue	6919	Pages	155-158
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior
Abstract	Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans.
Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12520299			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5136
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Author	Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.
Title	Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
Volume	423	Issue	6938	Pages	432-434
Keywords	Animals; Energy Metabolism; Food; Food Chain; Models, Biological; Motor Activity; Social Behavior; Time Factors
Abstract	Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals.
Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12761547			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5138
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Author	Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Spangler-Martin, D.; Manfredonia, M.
Title	Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	99	Issue	8	Pages	5744-5749
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Fishes; Humans; Social Behavior; *Social Dominance
Abstract	Linear hierarchies, the classical pecking-order structures, are formed readily in both nature and the laboratory in a great range of species including humans. However, the probability of getting linear structures by chance alone is quite low. In this paper we investigate the two hypotheses that are proposed most often to explain linear hierarchies: they are predetermined by differences in the attributes of animals, or they are produced by the dynamics of social interaction, i.e., they are self-organizing. We evaluate these hypotheses using cichlid fish as model animals, and although differences in attributes play a significant part, we find that social interaction is necessary for high proportions of groups with linear hierarchies. Our results suggest that dominance hierarchy formation is a much richer and more complex phenomenon than previously thought, and we explore the implications of these results for evolutionary biology, the social sciences, and the use of animal models in understanding human social organization.
Address	Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA. Ichase@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11960030			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	442
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Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
Title	What are big brains for?			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	99	Issue	7	Pages	4141-4142
Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology; Intelligence; Learning; Primates/anatomy & histology/psychology; Social Behavior
Abstract
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11929989			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	692
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Author	Amé, J.-M.; Halloy, J.; Rivault, C.; Detrain, C.; Deneubourg, J.L.
Title	Collegial decision making based on social amplification leads to optimal group formation			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	103	Issue	15	Pages	5835-5840
Keywords	Animals; Blattellidae/physiology; Choice Behavior; Decision Making; Leadership; Social Behavior
Abstract	Group-living animals are often faced with choosing between one or more alternative resource sites. A central question in such collective decision making includes determining which individuals induce the decision and when. This experimental and theoretical study of shelter selection by cockroach groups demonstrates that choices can emerge through nonlinear interaction dynamics between equal individuals without perfect knowledge or leadership. We identify a simple mechanism whereby a decision is taken on the move with limited information and signaling and without comparison of available opportunities. This mechanism leads to optimal mean benefit for group individuals. Our model points to a generic self-organized collective decision-making process independent of animal species.
Address	Service d'Ecologie Sociale CP231, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16581903			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2042
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Author	Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N.
Title	Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	99	Issue	7	Pages	4436-4441
Keywords	Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology; Evolution; Intelligence; Learning; Primates/anatomy & histology/psychology; Social Behavior
Abstract	Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and “intelligence” are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. A comparative analysis of 533 instances of innovation, 445 observations of social learning, and 607 episodes of tool use established that social learning, innovation, and tool use frequencies are positively correlated with species' relative and absolute “executive” brain volumes, after controlling for phylogeny and research effort. Moreover, innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual experience and social cues. These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.
Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, High Street, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, United Kingdom
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:11891325			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	2149
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior			Type	Journal Article
Year	2002	Publication	The Journal of general psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Gen Psychol
Volume	129	Issue	4	Pages	328-363
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Learning; Memory; Social Behavior
Abstract	Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-1309	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12494989			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	214
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