| Records |
| Author |
Dunbar, R.I.M. |
| Title |
The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Annals of Human Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annals of Human Biology |
| Volume |
36 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
562-572 |
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| Abstract |
The social brain hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for the fact that primates have unusually large brains for body size compared to all other vertebrates: Primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex social systems. Although this proposal has been generalized to all vertebrate taxa as an explanation for brain evolution, recent analyses suggest that the social brain hypothesis takes a very different form in other mammals and birds than it does in anthropoid primates. In primates, there is a quantitative relationship between brain size and social group size (group size is a monotonic function of brain size), presumably because the cognitive demands of sociality place a constraint on the number of individuals that can be maintained in a coherent group. In other mammals and birds, the relationship is a qualitative one: Large brains are associated with categorical differences in mating system, with species that have pairbonded mating systems having the largest brains. It seems that anthropoid primates may have generalized the bonding processes that characterize monogamous pairbonds to other non-reproductive relationships (?friendships?), thereby giving rise to the quantitative relationship between group size and brain size that we find in this taxon. This raises issues about why bonded relationships are cognitively so demanding (and, indeed, raises questions about what a bonded relationship actually is), and when and why primates undertook this change in social style. |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0301-4460 |
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doi: 10.1080/03014460902960289 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6546 |
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| Author |
Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
| Title |
Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
165-178 |
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| Abstract |
In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play. |
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| ISSN |
0304-3762 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6671 |
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| Author |
Griffin, A.S.; Guez, D. |
| Title |
Innovation and problem solving: A review of common mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
109 |
Issue |
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Pages |
121-134 |
| Keywords |
Behavioural flexibility; Cognition; Innovation; Problem solving |
| Abstract |
Behavioural innovations have become central to our thinking about how animals adjust to changing environments. It is now well established that animals vary in their ability to innovate, but understanding why remains a challenge. This is because innovations are rare, so studying innovation requires alternative experimental assays that create opportunities for animals to express their ability to invent new behaviours, or use pre-existing ones in new contexts. Problem solving of extractive foraging tasks has been put forward as a suitable experimental assay. We review the rapidly expanding literature on problem solving of extractive foraging tasks in order to better understand to what extent the processes underpinning problem solving, and the factors influencing problem solving, are in line with those predicted, and found, to underpin and influence innovation in the wild. Our aim is to determine whether problem solving can be used as an experimental proxy of innovation. We find that in most respects, problem solving is determined by the same underpinning mechanisms, and is influenced by the same factors, as those predicted to underpin, and to influence, innovation. We conclude that problem solving is a valid experimental assay for studying innovation, propose a conceptual model of problem solving in which motor diversity plays a more central role than has been considered to date, and provide recommendations for future research using problem solving to investigate innovation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cognition in the wild. |
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0376-6357 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6556 |
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| Author |
Giljov, A.; Karenina, K. |
| Title |
Differential roles of the right and left brain hemispheres in the social interactions of a free-ranging ungulate |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
168 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103959 |
| Keywords |
Laterality; Hemispheric specialization; Brain asymmetry; Eye preference; Ungulate; Bovid |
| Abstract |
Despite the abundant empirical evidence on lateralized social behaviours, a clear understanding of the relative roles of two brain hemispheres in social processing is still lacking. This study investigated visual lateralization in social interactions of free-ranging European bison (Bison bonasus). The bison were more likely to display aggressive responses (such as fight and side hit), when they viewed the conspecific with the right visual field, implicating the left brain hemisphere. In contrast, the responses associated with positive social interactions (female-to-calf bonding, calf-to-female approach, suckling) or aggression inhibition (fight termination) occurred more likely when the left visual field was in use, indicating the right hemisphere advantage. The results do not support either assumptions of right-hemisphere dominance for control of various social functions or hypotheses about simple positive (approach) versus negative (withdrawal) distinction between the hemispheric roles. The discrepancy between the studies suggests that in animals, the relative roles of the hemispheres in social processing may be determined by a fine balance of emotions and motivations associated with the particular social reaction difficult to categorize for a human investigator. Our findings highlight the involvement of both brain hemispheres in the control of social behaviour. |
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0376-6357 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6587 |
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| Author |
da Cruz, A.B.; Hirata, S.; dos Santos, M.E.; Mendonça, R.S. |
| Title |
Show me your best side: Lateralization of social and resting behaviors in feral horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
206 |
Issue |
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Pages |
104839 |
| Keywords |
Cerebral lateralization; Drone technology; ; Hemispheric specialization; Horses; Social interactions |
| Abstract |
Growing evidence shows a variety of sensorial and motor asymmetries in social and non-social interactions in various species, indicating a lateralized processing of information by the brain. Using digital video cameras on tripods and drones, this study investigated lateralization in frequency and duration of social behavior patterns, in affiliative, agonistic, and resting contexts, in a feral population of horses (Equus ferus caballus) in Northern Portugal, consisting of 37 individuals organized in eight harem groups. Affiliative interactions (including grooming) were more often performed, and lasted longer, when recipients were positioned to the right side. In recumbent resting (animals lying down) episodes on the left side lasted longer. Our results of an affiliative behavior having a right side tendency, provide partial support to the valence-specific hypothesis of Ahern and Schwartz (1979) – left hemisphere dominance for positive affect, affiliative behaviors. Longer recumbent resting episodes on the left side may be due to synchronization. However, in both instances it is discussed how lateralization may be context dependent. Investigating the position asymmetries of social behaviors in feral equids will contribute to a better understanding of differential lateralization and hemispheric specialization from the ecological and evolutionary perspectives. |
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0376-6357 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6697 |
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| Author |
da Cruz, A.B.; Hirata, S.; dos Santos, M.E.; Mendonça, R.S. |
| Title |
Show me your best side: Lateralization of social and resting behaviors in feral horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
206 |
Issue |
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Pages |
104839 |
| Keywords |
Cerebral lateralization; Drone technology; ; Hemispheric specialization; Horses; Social interactions |
| Abstract |
Growing evidence shows a variety of sensorial and motor asymmetries in social and non-social interactions in various species, indicating a lateralized processing of information by the brain. Using digital video cameras on tripods and drones, this study investigated lateralization in frequency and duration of social behavior patterns, in affiliative, agonistic, and resting contexts, in a feral population of horses (Equus ferus caballus) in Northern Portugal, consisting of 37 individuals organized in eight harem groups. Affiliative interactions (including grooming) were more often performed, and lasted longer, when recipients were positioned to the right side. In recumbent resting (animals lying down) episodes on the left side lasted longer. Our results of an affiliative behavior having a right side tendency, provide partial support to the valence-specific hypothesis of Ahern and Schwartz (1979) – left hemisphere dominance for positive affect, affiliative behaviors. Longer recumbent resting episodes on the left side may be due to synchronization. However, in both instances it is discussed how lateralization may be context dependent. Investigating the position asymmetries of social behaviors in feral equids will contribute to a better understanding of differential lateralization and hemispheric specialization from the ecological and evolutionary perspectives. |
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0376-6357 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6711 |
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| Author |
Meriggi, A.; Dagradi, V.; Dondina, O.; Perversi, M.; Milanesi, P.; Lombardini, M.; Raviglione, S.; Repossi, A. |
| Title |
Short-term responses of wolf feeding habits to changes of wild and domestic ungulate abundance in Northern Italy |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
389-411 |
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| Publisher |
Taylor & Francis |
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| ISSN |
0394-9370 |
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| Notes |
doi: 10.1080/03949370.2014.986768 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6688 |
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| Author |
Morgan, K.; Funkquist, P.; Nyman, G. |
| Title |
The effect of coat clipping on thermoregulation during intense exercise in trotters |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
S34 |
Pages |
564-567 |
| Keywords |
horse; thermoregulation; heat loss; recovery; blood temperature; oxygen uptake |
| Abstract |
Summary The aim of this study was to study the physiological, especially thermoregulatory, responses during intense exercise in the clipped horse compared to the horse with winter coat. Six Standardbred trotters were studied before and after clipping. They performed an inclined incremental high intensity treadmill exercise test and were monitored during recovery. The clipped horse differed significantly (ANOVA) during exercise as compare to coated: less increase in central venous blood temperature, higher skin surface temperature, greater difference skin to ambient temperature and higher rate of nonevaporative heat loss. The clipped horse had significantly lower total cutaneous evaporative heat loss from walk to end of peak exercise and a shorter time for recovery for the respiratory rate using a paired t test. The clipped horse showed a tendency (P = 0.059) to decreased oxygen uptake during the stepwise increase in workload. We concluded that the clipped horse experienced less strain on the thermoregulatory system due to an enhanced heat loss. Some clipped horses in the study showed a more efficient power output; future studies with emphasis on respiration and oxygen demand are needed to explain this. |
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| Publisher |
American Medical Association (AMA) |
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| ISSN |
0425-1644 |
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| Notes |
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05484.x |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6614 |
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| Author |
Drevemo, S.; Fredricson, I.; Hjertén, G.; McMIKEN, D. |
| Title |
Early development of gait asymmetries in trotting Standardbred colts |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine. Vet. J. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
189-191 |
| Keywords |
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| Abstract |
Summary Ten trotting Standardbred colts were recorded by high-speed cinematography at the ages of eight, 12 and 18 months. The horses were trotting on a treadmill operating at 4.0 m/secs. Five horses were subjected to a programme of intensified training from eight months of age, whereas the others were not trained and acted as controls. The films were analysed on a semi-automatic film-reading equipment and a number of variables used to demonstrate the gait symmetry were calculated and scaled by computer. Certain differences between left and right diagonal and contralateral pair of limbs, respectively, were noted, suggesting that laterality in horses may be inherited. The most pronounced systematic differences were found in 18-month old horses in the trained group. The results show the importance of careful gait examination and comprehensive coordination training at an early age. |
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| Publisher |
American Medical Association (AMA) |
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0425-1644 |
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| Notes |
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01373.x |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6702 |
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| Author |
Goodwin, D. |
| Title |
The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
S28 |
Pages |
15-19 |
| Keywords |
horse; behaviour; domestication; interspecific communication |
| Abstract |
Summary Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasise its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse. |
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American Medical Association (AMA) |
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0425-1644 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6714 |
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