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Author Cozzi, B.; Povinelli, M.; Ballarin, C.; Granato, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The Brain of the Horse: Weight and Cephalization Quotients Type Journal Article
  Year 2014 Publication Brain, Behavior and Evolution Abbreviated Journal Brain Behav Evol  
  Volume 83 Issue 1 Pages 9-16  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The horse is a common domestic animal whose anatomy has been studied since the XVI century. However, a modern neuroanatomy of this species does not exist and most of the data utilized in textbooks and reviews derive from single specimens or relatively old literature. Here, we report information on the brain of Equus caballus obtained by sampling 131 horses, including brain weight (as a whole and subdivided into its constituents), encephalization quotient (EQ), and cerebellar quotient (CQ), and comparisons with what is known about other relevant species. The mean weight of the fresh brains in our experimental series was 598.63 g (SEM ± 7.65), with a mean body weight of 514.12 kg (SEM ± 15.42). The EQ was 0.78 and the CQ was 0.841. The data we obtained indicate that the horse possesses a large, convoluted brain, with a weight similar to that of other hoofed species of like mass. However, the shape of the brain, the noteworthy folding of the neocortex, and the peculiar longitudinal distribution of the gyri suggest an evolutionary specificity at least partially separate from that of the Cetartiodactyla (even-toed mammals and cetaceans) with whom Perissodactyla (odd-toed mammals) are often grouped.  
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  ISSN (down) 0006-8977 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6592  
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Author Imbert, C.; Caniglia, R.; Fabbri, E.; Milanesi, P.; Randi, E.; Serafini, M.; Torretta, E.; Meriggi, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Why do wolves eat livestock?: Factors influencing wolf diet in northern Italy Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 195 Issue Pages 156-168  
  Keywords Scat analysis; Feeding ecology; Prey selection; Wolf-human conflicts  
  Abstract Thanks to protection by law and increasing habitat restoration, wolves (Canis lupus) are currently re-colonizing Europe from the surviving populations of Russia, the Balkan countries, Spain and Italy, raising the need to update conservation strategies. A major conservation issue is to restore connections and gene flow among fragmented populations, thus contrasting the deleterious consequences of isolation. Wolves in Italy are expanding from the Apennines towards the Alps, crossing the Ligurian Mountains (northern Italy) and establishing connections with the Dinaric populations. Wolf expansion is threatened by poaching and incidental killings, mainly due to livestock depredations and conflicts with shepherds, which could limit the establishment of stable populations. Aiming to find out the factors affecting the use of livestock by wolves, in this study we determined the composition of wolf diet in Liguria. We examined 1457 scats collected from 2008 to 2013. Individual scats were genotyped using a non-invasive genetic procedure, and their content was determined using microscopical analyses. Wolves in Liguria consumed mainly wild ungulates (64.4%; in particular wild boar Sus scrofa and roe deer Capreolus capreolus) and, to a lesser extent, livestock (26.3%; in particular goats Capra hircus). We modeled the consumption of livestock using environmental features, wild ungulate community diversity, husbandry characteristics and wolf social organization (stable packs or dispersing individuals). Wolf diet varied according to years and seasons with an overall decrease of livestock and an increase of wild ungulate consumption, but also between packs and dispersing individuals with greater livestock consumption for the latter. The presence of stable packs, instead of dispersing wolves, the adoption of prevention measures on pastures, roe deer abundance, and the percentage of deciduous woods, reduced predation on livestock. Thus, we suggest promoting wild ungulate expansion, the use of prevention tools in pastures, and supporting wolf pack establishment, avoiding lethal control and poaching, to mitigate conflicts between wolf conservation and husbandry.  
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  ISSN (down) 0006-3207 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6621  
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Author Lonsdorf, E.V. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Sex differences in the development of termite-fishing skills in the wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, of Gombe National Park, Tanzania Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 70 Issue 3 Pages 673-683  
  Keywords  
  Abstract By the age of 5.5 years, all of the young chimpanzees of Gombe National Park have acquired a skill known as 'termite fishing'. Termite fishing involves inserting a flexible tool made from vegetation into a termite mound and extracting the termites that attack and cling to the tool. Although tool use is a well-known phenomenon in chimpanzees, little is known about how such skills develop in the wild. Prior studies have found adult sex differences in frequency, duration and efficiency of tool-using tasks, with females scoring higher on all measures. To investigate whether these sex differences occurred in youngsters, I performed a 4-year longitudinal field study during which I observed and videotaped young chimpanzees' development of the termite-fishing behaviour. Critical elements of the skill included identifying a hole, making a tool, inserting a tool into a hole and extracting termites. These elements appeared in the same order during the development of all subjects, but females typically peaked at least a year earlier than males in their performance of the skills that precede termite fishing. In addition, young females successfully termite-fished an average of 27 months earlier than young males and were more proficient at the skill after acquisition had occurred. Furthermore, the techniques of female offspring closely resembled those of their mothers whereas the techniques of male offspring did not, suggesting that the process by which termite fishing is learned differs for male and female chimpanzees.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6536  
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Author Amici, F.; Widdig, A.; Lehmann, J.; Majolo, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A meta-analysis of interindividual differences in innovation Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 155 Issue Pages 257-268  
  Keywords age; bad competitor hypothesis; excess of energy hypothesis; innovation; interindividual differences; intraspecific variation; personality; rank; sex  
  Abstract The ability to innovate and the social transmission of innovations have played a central role in human evolution. However, innovation is also crucial for other animals, by allowing them to cope with novel socioecological challenges. Although innovation plays such a central role in animals' lives, we still do not know the conditions required for innovative behaviour to emerge. Here, we focused on interindividual differences in innovation by (1) extensively reviewing existing literature on innovative behaviour in animals and (2) quantitatively testing the different evolutionary hypotheses that have been proposed to explain interindividual variation in innovation propensity during foraging tasks. We ran a series of phylogenetically controlled mixed-effects meta-regression models to determine which hypotheses (if any) are supported by currently available empirical studies. Our analyses show that innovation is more common in individuals that are older and belong to the larger sex, but also in more neophilic and/or explorative individuals. Moreover, these effects change depending on the study setting (i.e. wild versus captive). Our results provide no clear support to the excess of energy or the bad competitor hypotheses and suggest that study setting and interindividual differences in traits related to personality are also important predictors of innovation.  
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  ISSN (down) 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6589  
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Author Griebenow, K.; Klibanov, A.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Lyophilization-induced reversible changes in the secondary structure of proteins Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 92 Issue 24 Pages 10969-10976  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Changes in the secondary structure of some dozen different proteins upon lyophilization of their aqueous solutions have been investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the amide III band region. Dehydration markedly (but reversibly) alters the secondary structure of all the proteins studied, as revealed by both the quantitative analysis of the second derivative spectra and the Gaussian curve fitting of the original infrared spectra. Lyophilization substantially increases the beta-sheet content and lowers the alpha-helix content of all proteins. In all but one case, proteins become more ordered upon lyophilization.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6519  
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Author Palme, R.; Touma, C.; Arias, N., Dominchin, M.N.; Lepschy, M. openurl 
  Title Steroid extraction: Get the best out of faecal samples Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Wiener Tierärztliche Wochenschriften Abbreviated Journal Wien Tierärztl Monat – Vet Med Austria  
  Volume 100 Issue Pages 238-246.  
  Keywords Review, faeces, extraction, non-invasive hormone monitoring, stress, reproduction.  
  Abstract Faecal steroid hormone metabolites are becoming increasingly popular as parameters for reproductive functions and stress. The extraction of the steroids from the faecal matrix represents the initial step before quantification can be performed. The steroid metabolites present in the faecal matrix are of varying polarity and composition, so selection of a proper extraction procedure is essential. There have been some studies to address this complex but often neglected point. Radiolabelled steroids (e.g. cortisol or progesterone) have frequently been added to faecal samples to estimate the efficiency of the extraction procedures used. However, native, unmetabolized steroids are normally not present in the faeces and therefore the results are artifi- cial and do not accurately reflect the actual recoveries of the substances of interest. In this respect, recovery experiments based on faecal samples from radiometabolism studies are more informative. In these samples, the metabolite content accurately reflects the mixture of metabolites present in the given species. As a result, it is possible to evaluate different extraction methods for use with faecal samples. We present studies on sheep, horses, pigs, hares and dogs that utilized samples containing naturally metabolized, 14C-labelled steroids. We recommend extracting faecal steroids by simply suspending the faeces in a high percentage of a primary alcohol (for glucocorticoid metabolites 80% aqueous methanol proved best suited for virtually all mammalian species tested so far). Not only does the procedure significantly increase the total amount of recovered radioactivity, it also increases the percentage of unconjugated metabolites, which are more likely to be recognized by the antibodies used in various immunoassays. The advantages of this extraction procedure are clear: it is very easy to use (no evaporation step is needed), it yields high recoveries and variation based on the extraction procedure is reduced to a minimum.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6520  
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Author Lee, P. openurl 
  Title Adaptation to environmental change:an evolutionary perspective Type Book Chapter
  Year 1991 Publication Primate responses to environmental changes Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 39-56  
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  Publisher Chapmann & Hall Place of Publication London Editor H. O. Box  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6523  
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Author Beck, B. B. openurl 
  Title Animal tool behaviour: The use and manufacture of tools by animals Type Book Whole
  Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Garland Place of Publication New York Editor  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6524  
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Author Fisher, J.; Hinde, R. A. openurl 
  Title The opening of milk bottles by birds Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication British Birds Abbreviated Journal British Birds  
  Volume Issue 42 Pages 347-357  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6525  
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Author Kuczaj, S. A; Makecha, R.; Trone, M.; Paulos, R. D; Ramos, J. A. openurl 
  Title Role of Peers in Cultural Innovation and Cultural Transmission: Evidence from the Play of Dolphin Calves Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication International Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Comp. Psychol  
  Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 223-240  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6526  
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