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Author |
Cochet, H.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Evolutionary origins of human handedness: evaluating contrasting hypotheses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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Volume |
16 |
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4 |
Pages |
531-542 |
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Keywords |
Hand preference; Hemispheric specialization; Communicative gestures; Evolution of language; Nonhuman primates; Human children |
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Abstract |
Variation in methods and measures, resulting in past dispute over the existence of population handedness in nonhuman great apes, has impeded progress into the origins of human right-handedness and how it relates to the human hallmark of language. Pooling evidence from behavioral studies, neuroimaging and neuroanatomy, we evaluate data on manual and cerebral laterality in humans and other apes engaged in a range of manipulative tasks and in gestural communication. A simplistic human/animal partition is no longer tenable, and we review four (nonexclusive) possible drivers for the origin of population-level right-handedness: skilled manipulative activity, as in tool use; communicative gestures; organizational complexity of action, in particular hierarchical structure; and the role of intentionality in goal-directed action. Fully testing these hypotheses will require developmental and evolutionary evidence as well as modern neuroimaging data. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5691 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.; Henzi, S.P. |
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Title |
Social relationships of mountain baboons: Leadership and affiliation in a non-female-bonded monkey |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
313-329 |
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Keywords |
relationships; one-male groups; female-bonding; spacing; support; Papio ursinus; Papio hamadryas |
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Abstract |
Abstract 10.1002/ajp.1350200409.abs Instead of close and differentiated relationships among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision-making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach-retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one-male; male-female relationships in one were like those in a unit of a hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still leads the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monopolizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross-sex-bonded” than “female bonded”. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2345 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5309 |
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Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Methods |
Abbreviated Journal |
Methods |
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42 |
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1 |
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12-21 |
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Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant |
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In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings. |
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1046-2023 |
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also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6185 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W.; Bates, L.A. |
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Title |
Why are animals cognitive? |
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2006 |
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Current Biology : CB |
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Curr Biol |
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16 |
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12 |
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R445-8 |
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Animals; Arachnida/physiology; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Falconiformes/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Parrots/physiology; Passeriformes/physiology |
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Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:16781995 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4708 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Animal imitation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
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Current Biology |
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19 |
Issue |
3 |
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R111-R114 |
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0960-9822 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4735 |
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Author |
Seed, A.; Byrne, R. |
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Title |
Animal Tool-Use |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Current Biology |
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Curr Biol |
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20 |
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23 |
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R1032-R1039 |
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The sight of an animal making and using a tool captivates scientists and laymen alike, perhaps because it forces us to question some of our ideas about human uniqueness. Does the animal know how the tool works? Did it anticipate the need for the tool and make it in advance? To some, this fascination with tools seems arbitrary and anthropocentric; after all, animals engage in many other complex activities, like nest building, and we know that complex behaviour need not be cognitively demanding. But tool-using behaviour can also provide a powerful window into the minds of living animals, and help us to learn what capacities we share with them -- and what might have changed to allow for the incontrovertibly unique levels of technology shown by modern humans. |
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0960-9822 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5318 |
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Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean? |
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Book Chapter |
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2002 |
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Advances in the Study of Behavior |
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Adv Stud Behav |
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31 |
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77-105 |
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Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others. |
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Academic Press |
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San Diego |
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Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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746 |
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Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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38 |
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5 |
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321-329 |
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Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons |
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Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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807 |
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Author |
Janson, C.; Byrne, R. |
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Title |
What wild primates know about resources: opening up the black box |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
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3 |
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357-367 |
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Cognitive map – Primate – Foraging – Ecology – Psychology |
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Abstract We present the theoretical and practical difficulties of inferring the cognitive processes involved in spatial movement decisions of primates and other animals based on studies of their foraging behavior in the wild. Because the possible cognitive processes involved in foraging are not known a priori for a given species, some observed spatial movements could be consistent with a large number of processes ranging from simple undirected search processes to strategic goal-oriented travel. Two basic approaches can help to reveal the cognitive processes: (1) experiments designed to test specific mechanisms; (2) comparison of observed movements with predicted ones based on models of hypothesized foraging modes (ideally, quantitative ones). We describe how these two approaches have been applied to evidence for spatial knowledge of resources in primates, and for various hypothesized goals of spatial decisions in primates, reviewing what is now established. We conclude with a synthesis emphasizing what kinds of spatial movement data on unmanipulated primate populations in the wild are most useful in deciphering goal-oriented processes from random processes. Basic to all of these is an estimate of the animals ability to detect resources during search. Given knowledge of the animals detection ability, there are several observable patterns of resource use incompatible with a pure search process. These patterns include increasing movement speed when approaching versus leaving a resource, increasingly directed movement toward more valuable resources, and directed travel to distant resources from many starting locations. Thus, it should be possible to assess and compare spatial cognition across a variety of primate species and thus trace its ecological and evolutionary correlates. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4214 |
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Bates, L.A.; Sayialel, K.N.; Njiraini, N.W.; Poole, J.H.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.W. |
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African elephants have expectations about the locations of out-of-sight family members |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Biology Letters |
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Biol Lett |
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4 |
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1 |
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34-36 |
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elephants, olfaction, urine, individual recognition |
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Monitoring the location of conspecifics may be important to social mammals. Here, we use an expectancy-violation paradigm to test the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to keep track of their social companions from olfactory cues. We presented elephants with samples of earth mixed with urine from female conspecifics that were either kin or unrelated to them, and either unexpected or highly predictable at that location. From behavioural measurements of the elephants' reactions, we show that African elephants can recognize up to 17 females and possibly up to 30 family members from cues present in the urine-earth mix, and that they keep track of the location of these individuals in relation to themselves. |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4332 |
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