| Records |
| Author |
Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. |
| Title |
Group decision-making in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
| Volume |
421 |
Issue |
6919 |
Pages |
155-158 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans. |
| Address |
School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk |
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| Language |
English |
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ISSN  |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:12520299 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5136 |
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| Author |
Gauvin, S.; Giraldeau, L.-A. |
| Title |
Nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata) reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
| Volume |
139 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
150-156 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Feeding Behavior; Population Density; *Social Behavior; *Songbirds |
| Abstract |
Group feeding animals experience a number of competitive foraging costs that may result in a lowered feeding rate. It is important to distinguish between reductions in feeding rates that are caused by reduced food availability and physical interactions among foragers from those caused by the mere presence of foraging companions that may be self-imposed in order to obtain some benefit of group membership. Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) reduce their feeding rates when in the company of simulated competitors located in an adjacent cage that cannot affect the food availability or interact with the forager. In the present study, we investigate whether the presence of simulated competitors in another species of passerine, nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata), can result in self-imposed reductions in feeding rates. When feeding in the company of simulated competitors, mannikins spent more non-foraging time near them, fed more slowly, reduced travel times between patches, reduced their scanning time and pecked more slowly. These results provide evidence that simulated competitors induce a reduction in pecking rate: behavioural interference. These self-imposed responses to competitors may have resulted from attempts to remain close to the non-feeding companions. Such self-imposed reductions in feeding rates may be a widespread yet generally unrecognised foraging cost to group feeding individuals. |
| Address |
Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0029-8549 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:14722748 |
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no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
2133 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G. |
| Title |
Coping with crowding |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
76-81 |
| Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence |
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| Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8733 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:11056991 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
184 |
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| Author |
Cancedda, M. |
| Title |
[Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale |
Abbreviated Journal |
Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper |
| Volume |
66 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1089-1096 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Environment; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Italy; Male; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Water |
| Abstract |
In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization. |
| Address |
Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e Speciale, Universita di Sassari |
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| Language |
Italian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Introduzione all'organizzazione sociale e comportamentale dei cavallini sulla Giara (Sardegna): distribuzione ed aggregazione |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0037-8771 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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| Notes |
PMID:2095819 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
673 |
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| Author |
Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z.; Stafford, K.J.; Veltman, C.J. |
| Title |
Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus: Equidae) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
New Zealand Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
New Zealand J. Ecol. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
139-152 |
| Keywords |
Bachelor male; Band; Density; Habitat use; Home range; Management proposals; Micro-climate; Vegetation monitoring; habitat use; home range; mammal; social structure; spatial distribution; New Zealand; Equus caballus |
| Abstract |
We measured horse density, social structure, habitat use, home ranges and altitudinal micro-climates in the south-western Kaimanawa ranges east of Waiouru, New Zealand. Horse density in the Auahitotara ecological sector averaged 3.6 horses.km-2 and ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 horses.km-2 within different zones. The population's social structure was like that of other feral horse populations with an even adult sex ratio, year round breeding groups (bands) with stable adult membership consisting of 1 to 11 mares, 1 to 4 stallions, and their predispersal offspring, and bachelor groups with unstable membership. Bands and bachelor males were loyal to undefended home ranges with central core use areas. Band home range sizes varied positively with adult band size. Home ranges overlapped entirely with other home ranges. Horses were more likely to occupy north facing aspects, short tussock vegetation and flush zones and avoid high altitudes, southern aspects, steeper slopes, bare ground and forest remnants. Horses were more likely to be on north facing aspects, steeper slopes, in exotic and red tussock grasslands and flush zones during winter and at lower altitudes and on gentler slopes in spring and summer. Seasonal shifts by bands to river basin and stream valley floors in spring and higher altitudes in autumn and winter are attributed to the beginning of foaling and mating in spring and formation of frost inversion layers in winter. Given horse habitat selectivity and the presence of other ungulate herbivores, results from present exclosures are likely to exaggerate the size of horse impacts on range vegetation. Proposals to manage the population by relocation and confinement are likely to modify current social structure and range use behaviour and may lead to the need for more intensive management in the longer term. |
| Address |
Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
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01106465 (Issn) |
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| Notes |
Cited By (since 1996): 12; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Linklater, W.L.; Ecology Group; Institute of Natural Resources; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand; email: wlinklater@hotmail.com |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
793 |
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| Author |
Dumont, B.; Rossignol, N.; Loucougaray, G.; Carrère, P.; Chadoeuf, J.; Fleurance, G.; Bonis, A.; Farruggia, A.; Gaucherand, S.; Ginane, C.; Louault, F.; Marion, B.; Mesléard, F.; Yavercovski, N. |
| Title |
When does grazing generate stable vegetation patterns in temperate pastures? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
153 |
Issue |
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Pages |
50-56 |
| Keywords |
Boolean process; Cattle; Patch stability; Productivity; Stocking density; Temperate pasture |
| Abstract |
The stability of grazing-induced spatial patterns of vegetation was analyzed at two spatial scales (25 m × 20 m areas and 1.6 m × 0.8 m grids) in pastures of contrasting productivity (maximum standing biomass: 130–800 gDM/m2). At both scales, the mosaic of grazed and ungrazed patches was modeled as a Boolean process, calculating cross-variograms to quantify the temporal stability of grazing patterns and its links with local floristic composition were tested. The scale at which stability of vegetation patterns took place in two successive years depended on pasture productivity. Inter-annual stability of large-scale patterns mainly occurred in extensively used fertile pastures grazed by cattle, and in pastures grazed by horses. Less-fertile grasslands were mainly characterized by a fine-scale stability of grazing patterns. Stable fine-scale patterns were often related to the local abundance of legumes and forbs. Stable large-scale patterns of grazing within lightly grazed productive grasslands could result in divergent local vegetation dynamics, which can be seen as an opportunity for restoring biodiversity in fertile grasslands. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0167-8809 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5595 |
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| Author |
Benhajali, H.; Richard-Yris, M. -A.; Leroux, M.; Ezzaouia, M.; Charfi, F.; Hausberger, M. |
| Title |
A note on the time budget and social behaviour of densely housed horses: A case study in Arab breeding mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
196-200 |
| Keywords |
Behavioural repertoire; Time budget; Mare; Social behaviour; Density |
| Abstract |
We observed a high-density herd (200 mares/ha) of 44 Arab breeding mares, while in a bare paddock in Tunisia. Twenty-minute animal focal samples and scan sampling were used to determine the time budget of the mares during the period from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. and study their social behaviour. The data obtained reveal restricted behavioural repertoires with missing behaviour like rolling, allogrooming and lying down; unusual time budgets with a high frequency of locomotion that constitutes the most frequent activity (27.9 ± 19.47%) of the mares. Social interactions were restricted to agonistic interactions but despite the high stocking density, aggressions were not that frequent among mares. |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0168-1591 |
ISBN |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4774 |
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| Author |
Pollard, J.C.; Littlejohn, R.P. |
| Title |
The effects of pen size on the behaviour of farmed red deer stags confined in yards |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
247-253 |
| Keywords |
Red deer; Handling; Density; Aggression; Farming |
| Abstract |
To determine whether pen size affected the behaviour and welfare of farmed red deer confined temporarily in yards, four groups of ten 2-year-old stags were confined for 40 min or 2 days in each of spring and summer, in either large (5 m × 4 m ) or small (2.5 m × 4) pens. In the small pens, wall pacing and vertical/horizontal head movements at the walls were more frequently observed (P < 0.05) and were carried out by a greater percentage of the deer (P < 0.001), and distances between individuals were smaller (P < 0.01), than observations in the large pens. Aggressive activities varied seasonally, with head-butting and chasing being seen most frequently in the spring (P < 0.05) and biting and kicking being seen most frequently in the summer (P < 0.05), and the overall frequency of aggressive activities was low in summer. In spring, in small pens there were fewer threats to head-butt, head butts by moving animals, and less stepping activity than in large pens (P < 0.05). In summer, in small pens there were more threats to butt and more stepping activity than in the large pens (P < 0.05). In both seasons, aggressive activities were correlated with wall pacing (r = 0.58 and 0.55, respectively). It was concluded that the effect of pen size on the frequency and nature of aggressive and other activities varied seasonally. In order minimise aggression and stepping activity, small pens were favoured in spring and large pens were favoured in summer. However, in both seasons there were greater inter-individual distances and reduced pacing and head movements at the walls in large pens. This latter finding may indicate that the large pens were less aversive to the deer, regardless of season. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0168-1591 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5472 |
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| Author |
Capela, R.; Sousa, C.; Pena, I.; Caeiro, V. |
| Title |
Preliminary note on the distribution and ecology of Culicoides imicola in Portugal |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Medical and Veterinary Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Med Vet Entomol |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
23-26 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Ceratopogonidae; Ecology; Population Density; Portugal |
| Abstract |
Data on Culicoides imicola were obtained during studies carried out during the recent outbreak of African horse sickness in Portugal. The previous most northerly published record of C. imicola in Portugal was 38 degrees 40'N (Pegoes). In the present work the geographical distribution of this species is extended to the parallel of 41 degrees 17'N. We have also confirmed the continuous presence of adult C. imicola in Southern Portugal (Alentejo and Algarve) throughout the year. In the laboratory we obtained this species from a sample of cattle faeces and from another of soil contaminated with animal excreta. In relation to host association 57.37% of C. imicola were trapped in the vicinity of pigsties. Finally, we collected 11,463 Culicoides of which 12.47% were C. imicola. |
| Address |
Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0269-283X |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:8435485 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2666 |
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| Author |
Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-228 |
| Keywords |
Aggression/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological |
| Abstract |
This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition. |
| Address |
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9057966 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
203 |
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