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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	2	Issue	2	Pages	63-72
	Keywords
	Abstract	A theory of imitation is proposed, string parsing, which separates the copying of behavioural organization by observation from an understanding of the cause of its effectiveness. In string parsing, recurring patterns in the visible stream of behaviour are detected and used to build a statistical sketch of the underlying hierarchical structure. This statistical sketch may in turn aid the subsequent comprehension of cause and effect. Three cases of social learning of relatively complex skills are examined, as potential cases of imitation by string parsing. Understanding the basic requirements for successful string parsing helps to resolve the conflict between mainly negative reports of imitation in experiments and more positive evidence from natural conditions. Since string parsing does not depend on comprehension of the intentions of other agents or the everyday physics of objects, separate tests of these abilities are needed even in animals shown to learn by imitation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3162
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.; Corp, N.; Byrne, J.M.
	Title	Manual dexterity in the gorilla: bimanual and digit role differentiation in a natural task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	347-361
	Keywords
	Abstract	The manipulative actions of mountain gorillas Gorilla g. beringei were examined in the context of foraging on hard-to-process plant foods in the field, in particular those used in tackling thistle Carduus nyassanus. A repertoire of 72 functionally distinct manipulative actions was recorded. Many of these actions were used in several variants of grip, finger(s) and movement path, both by different individuals and by the same individual at different times. The repertoire appears somewhat greater than that observed in comparable studies of monkeys, but a far more striking difference is found in the use of differentiated actions in concert. Mountain gorillas routinely and frequently deal with problems that involve: (1) bimanual role differentiation, with the two hands taking different roles but synchronized in time and space, and (2) digit role differentiation, with independent control of parts of the same hand used for separate purposes at the same time. The independent control that allows these abilities, so crucial to human manual constructional ability, is apparently general in African great apes. Role differentiation, between and within the hand, is evidently a primitive characteristic in the human arsenal of skills.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3357
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	Author	Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	209-217
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3494
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Culture in great apes: using intricate complexity in feeding skills to trace the evolutionary origin of human technical prowess			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci.
	Volume	362	Issue	1480	Pages	577-585
	Keywords
	Abstract	Geographical cataloguing of traits, as used in human ethnography, has led to the description of “culture” in some non-human great apes. Culture, in these terms, is detected as a pattern of local ignorance resulting from environmental constraints on knowledge transmission. However, in many cases, the geographical variations may alternatively be explained by ecology. Social transmission of information can reliably be identified in many other animal species, by experiment or distinctive patterns in distribution; but the excitement of detecting culture in great apes derives from the possibility of understanding the evolution of cumulative technological culture in humans. Given this interest, I argue that great ape research should concentrate on technically complex behaviour patterns that are ubiquitous within a local population; in these cases, a wholly non-social ontogeny is highly unlikely. From this perspective, cultural transmission has an important role in the elaborate feeding skills of all species of great ape, in conveying the “gist” or organization of skills. In contrast, social learning is unlikely to be responsible for local stylistic differences, which are apt to reflect sensitive adaptations to ecology.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3527
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Advances in the Study of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Stud Behav
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	77-105
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	San Diego	Editor	Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	746
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	Author	Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	321-329
	Keywords	Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons
	Abstract	Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	807
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	Author	Bates, L.A.; Sayialel, K.N.; Njiraini, N.W.; Poole, J.H.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	African elephants have expectations about the locations of out-of-sight family members			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Biology Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Lett
	Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	34-36
	Keywords	elephants, olfaction, urine, individual recognition
	Abstract	Monitoring the location of conspecifics may be important to social mammals. Here, we use an expectancy-violation paradigm to test the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to keep track of their social companions from olfactory cues. We presented elephants with samples of earth mixed with urine from female conspecifics that were either kin or unrelated to them, and either unexpected or highly predictable at that location. From behavioural measurements of the elephants' reactions, we show that African elephants can recognize up to 17 females and possibly up to 30 family members from cues present in the urine-earth mix, and that they keep track of the location of these individuals in relation to themselves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4332
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	How monkeys find their way: leadership, coordination, and cognitive maps of African baboons.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2000	Publication	On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	491–518
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Chicago University Press	Place of Publication	Chicago	Editor	Boinski, S.; Garber, P.A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5146
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Tactical deception in primates: the 1990 database			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1990	Publication	Primate Reports	Abbreviated Journal	Primate Rep.
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	1-101
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	German Primate Center	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6172
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.; Bates, L.A.
	Title	Why are animals cognitive?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Current Biology : CB	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Biol
	Volume	16	Issue	12	Pages	R445-8
	Keywords	Animals; Arachnida/physiology; Association Learning; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Falconiformes/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Parrots/physiology; Passeriformes/physiology
	Abstract
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-9822	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16781995			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4708
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