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Author Ulloa, A.; Gonzalez-Ceron, L.; Rodriguez, M.H.
Title Host selection and gonotrophic cycle length of Anopheles punctimacula in southern Mexico Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Mosq Control Assoc
Volume 22 Issue 4 Pages 648-653
Keywords Animals; Anopheles/*physiology; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology; Cattle; Female; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/*physiology; Malaria/transmission; Mexico; Oviparity/*physiology; Seasons; Time Factors; Vitellogenesis/physiology
Abstract The host preference, survival rates, and length of the gonotrophic cycle of Anopheles punctimacula was investigated in southern Mexico. Mosquitoes were collected in 15-day separate experiments during the rainy and dry seasons. Daily changes in the parous-nulliparous ratio were recorded and the gonotrophic cycle length was estimated by a time series analysis. Anopheles punctimacula was most abundant during the dry season and preferred animals to humans. The daily survival rate in mosquitoes collected in animal traps was 0.96 (parity rate = 0.86; gonotrophic cycle = 4 days). The length of gonotrophic cycle of 4 days was estimated on the base of a high correlation coefficient value appearing every 4 days. The minimum time estimated for developing mature eggs after blood feeding was 72 h. The proportion of mosquitoes living enough to transmit Plasmodium vivax malaria during the dry season was 0.35.
Address Centro de Investigacion de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Apartado Postal 537, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN (down) 8756-971X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:17304932 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1830
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Author Loyola, E.G.; Rodriguez, M.H.; Gonzalez, L.; Arredondo, J.I.; Bown, D.N.; Vaca, M.A.
Title Effect of indoor residual spraying of DDT and bendiocarb on the feeding patterns of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in Mexico Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Mosq Control Assoc
Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 635-640
Keywords Animals; Anopheles/*physiology; *Carbamates; Cattle; *Ddt; Ecology; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; *Insecticides; Mexico; *Phenylcarbamates; Seasons
Abstract Intense and persistent use of DDT for malaria control has increased resistance and induced exophilic behavior of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis. An evaluation of bendiocarb and DDT to control this species in Sinaloa, Mexico, showed that, in spite of DDT-resistance, both insecticides produced similar effects. Feeding patterns were analyzed to explain these results. Resting mosquitoes were collected over the dry and wet seasons. Anophelines were tested in an ELISA to determine the source of the meals. The human blood index (HBI) ranged from 3.3 to 6.8% in DDT- and from 12.7 to 26.9% in bendiocarb-sprayed houses. Irritability and repellency in DDT-sprayed houses could explain the reduced HBI. In contrast, bendiocarb produced higher mortality. These effects could have affected different components of the vectorial capacity and similarly reduced malaria.
Address Center for Malaria Research, Chiapas, Mexico
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ISSN (down) 8756-971X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:2098469 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2671
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Author Verheyen, K.; Price, J.; Lanyon, L.; Wood, J.
Title Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Bone Abbreviated Journal Bone
Volume 39 Issue 6 Pages 1322-1330
Keywords Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; England; Exertion; Female; Fractures, Bone/etiology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*etiology; Horses/*injuries; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/methods; Poisson Distribution; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Running/injuries/physiology
Abstract In order to gain insight into those training regimens that can minimise the risk of fracture in athletic populations, we conducted a large epidemiological study in racehorses. Thoroughbred racehorses provide a suitable model for studying fracture development and exercise-related risk factors in physically active populations. They represent a homogeneous population, undertaking intensive exercise programmes that are sufficiently heterogeneous to determine those factors that influence injury risk. Daily exercise information was recorded for a cohort of 1178 thoroughbreds that were monitored for up to 2 years. A total of 148 exercise-induced fractures occurred in the study population. Results from a nested case-control study showed a strong interactive effect of exercise distances at different speeds on fracture risk. Horses that exceeded 44 km at canter (< or =14 m/s) and 6 km at gallop (>14 m/s) in a 30-day period were at particularly increased risk of fracture. These distances equate to ca. 7700 bone loading cycles at canter and 880 loading cycles at gallop. Fifty-six fractures occurred in the subset of study horses that were followed since entering training as yearlings, when skeletally immature (n = 335). Cohort analysis of this data set showed that, in previously untrained bones, accumulation of canter exercise increased the risk of fracture (P < or = 0.01), whereas accumulation of high-speed gallop exercise had a protective effect (P < 0.01). However, increasing distances at canter and gallop in short time periods (up to one month) were associated with an increasing fracture risk. All training exercise involves a balance between the risk of fracture inherent in exposure to loading and the beneficial effect that loading has by stimulating bone cells to produce a more robust architecture. Results from our study provide important epidemiological evidence of the effects of physical exercise on bone adaptation and injury risk and can be used to inform the design of safer exercise regimens in physically active populations.
Address Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom. kverheyen@rvc.ac.uk
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN (down) 8756-3282 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16926125 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4030
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Author Forster, H.V.; Pan, L.G.; Bisgard, G.E.; Flynn, C.; Hoffer, R.E.
Title Changes in breathing when switching from nares to tracheostomy breathing in awake ponies Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 1214-1221
Keywords Airway Resistance; Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Consciousness; Exertion; Horses/*physiology; Lung Compliance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/physiology; *Respiration; Respiratory Dead Space; *Tracheotomy
Abstract We assessed the consequences of respiratory unloading associated with tracheostomy breathing (TBr). Three normal and three carotid body-denervated (CBD) ponies were prepared with chronic tracheostomies that at rest reduced physiological dead space (VD) from 483 +/- 60 to 255 +/- 30 ml and lung resistance from 1.5 +/- 0.14 to 0.5 +/- 0.07 cmH2O . l-1 . s. At rest and during steady-state mild-to-heavy exercise arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was approximately 1 Torr higher during nares breathing (NBr) than during TBr. Pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume (VT) were greater and alveolar ventilation was less during NBr than TBr. Breathing frequency (f) did not differ between NBr and TBr at rest, but f during exercise was greater during TBr than during NBr. These responses did not differ between normal and CBD ponies. We also assessed the consequences of increasing external VD (300 ml) and resistance (R, 0.3 cmH2O . l-1 . s) by breathing through a tube. At rest and during mild exercise tube breathing caused PaCO2 to transiently increase 2-3 Torr, but 3-5 min later PaCO2 usually was within 1 Torr of control. Tube breathing did not cause f to change. When external R was increased 1 cmH2O . l-1 . s by breathing through a conventional air collection system, f did not change at rest, but during exercise f was lower than during unencumbered breathing. These responses did not differ between normal, CBD, and hilar nerve-denervated ponies, and they did not differ when external VD or R were added at either the nares or tracheostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Address
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN (down) 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:4055600 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 100
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Author McCutcheon, L.J.; Geor, R.J.
Title Influence of training on sweating responses during submaximal exercise in horses Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 89 Issue 6 Pages 2463-2471
Keywords Animals; Body Fluids/metabolism; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Environment; Female; Horses/*physiology; Ions; Male; Motor Activity/*physiology; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Sweat/chemistry; Sweating/*physiology; Time Factors
Abstract Sweating responses were examined in five horses during a standardized exercise test (SET) in hot conditions (32-34 degrees C, 45-55% relative humidity) during 8 wk of exercise training (5 days/wk) in moderate conditions (19-21 degrees C, 45-55% relative humidity). SETs consisting of 7 km at 50% maximal O(2) consumption, determined 1 wk before training day (TD) 0, were completed on a treadmill set at a 6 degrees incline on TD0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Mean maximal O(2) consumption, measured 2 days before each SET, increased 19% [TD0 to 42: 135 +/- 5 (SE) to 161 +/- 4 ml. kg(-1). min(-1)]. Peak sweating rate (SR) during exercise increased on TD14, 28, 42, and 56 compared with TD0, whereas SRs and sweat losses in recovery decreased by TD28. By TD56, end-exercise rectal and pulmonary artery temperature decreased by 0.9 +/- 0.1 and 1.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C, respectively, and mean change in body mass during the SET decreased by 23% (TD0: 10.1 +/- 0.9; TD56: 7.7 +/- 0.3 kg). Sweat Na(+) concentration during exercise decreased, whereas sweat K(+) concentration increased, and values for Cl(-) concentration in sweat were unchanged. Moderate-intensity training in cool conditions resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in sweating sensitivity evident by 4 wk and a 0.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C decrease in sweating threshold after 8 wk during exercise in hot, dry conditions. Altered sweating responses contributed to improved heat dissipation during exercise and a lower end-exercise core temperature. Despite higher SRs for a given core temperature during exercise, decreases in recovery SRs result in an overall reduction in sweat fluid losses but no change in total sweat ion losses after training.
Address Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. jmccutch@uoguelph.ca
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN (down) 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:11090603 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1922
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Author Harkins, J.D.; Kamerling, S.G.; Church, G.
Title Effect of competition on performance of thoroughbred racehorses Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 836-841
Keywords Age Factors; Animals; Anxiety/physiopathology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Exertion/*physiology; Fatigue/physiopathology; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/*physiology; Lactates/blood; Lactic Acid; Male; Sex Characteristics
Abstract The effect of competition and the influence of age and sex on performance were examined in a study of 18 Thoroughbred racehorses. The horses performed two solo and two competitive runs at 1,200 and 1,600 m for a total of eight runs. No group ran faster during competition, which may have been a reflection of the quality of horses used for this study and their susceptibility to stress-induced impairment of performance. Males showed no significant difference between competitive and solo run times, whereas females were consistently slower during competition. Males ran significantly faster than females in all runs. There was no difference in run times due to age, which may have been due to the high mean age (5.9 yr) of the group. The slower competitive run times may have occurred because of an earlier onset of fatigue when compared with solo runs. Plasma lactate was significantly greater for the 1,200-m competitive than for the solo runs.
Address Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN (down) 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:1568979 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1947
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Author Clayton, H.M.
Title Development of conditioning programs for dressage horses based on time-motion analysis of competitions Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 2325-2329
Keywords Animals; Horses/*physiology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Sports; Statistics; Time Factors; *Time and Motion Studies; Videotape Recording
Abstract The time-motion characteristics of Canadian basic- and medium-level dressage competitions are described, and the results are applied in formulating sport-specific conditioning programs. One competition was analyzed at the six levels from basic 1 to medium 3. Each test was divided into a series of sequences based on the type and speed of activity. The durations of the sequences were measured from videotapes. The basic-level tests had fewer sequences, and they were shorter in distance and duration than the medium tests (P < 0.10), but the average speed did not differ between the two levels. It is recommended that horses competing at the basic levels be conditioned using 5-min exercise periods, with short (10-s) bursts of lengthened trot and canter included at basic 2 and above. In preparation for medium-level competitions, the duration of the work periods increases to 7 min, 10- to 12-s bursts of medium or extended trot and canter are included, and transitions are performed frequently to simulate the energy expenditure in overcoming inertia.
Address Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN (down) 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8335563 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3750
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Author Young, L.E.; Rogers, K.; Wood, J.L.N.
Title Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) Abbreviated Journal J Appl Physiol
Volume 99 Issue 4 Pages 1278-1285
Keywords *Adaptation, Physiological; Aging/physiology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; *Echocardiography; Female; Heart/*physiology; Heart Ventricles; Horses/*physiology; Male; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running/*physiology; Stroke Volume; Systole; Task Performance and Analysis
Abstract Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O(2) uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000-2,500 m) or jump racing (3,200-6,400 m). Body weight and sex-adjusted measures of left ventricular size were largest in horses engaged in jump racing over fixed fences, compared with horses running shorter distances on the flat (range 8-16%). The observed differences in cardiac morphologies suggest that subtle differences in training and competition result in cardiac adaptations that are appropriate to the endurance component of the horses' event. Derived left ventricular mass was strongly associated with published rating (quality) in horses racing over longer distances in jump races (P < or = 0.001), but less so for horses in flat races. Rather, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass combined were positively associated with race rating in older flat racehorses running over sprint (<1,408 m) and longer distances (>1,408 m), explaining 25-35% of overall variation in performance, as well as being closely associated with performance in longer races over jumps (23%). These data provide the first direct evidence that cardiac size influences athletic performance in a group of mammalian running athletes.
Address Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. lesley.young@aht.org.uk
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN (down) 8750-7587 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:15920096 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3768
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Author Seghrouchni, M.; Elkasraoui, H.; Piro, M.; Alyakine, H.; Bouayad, H.; Chakir, J.; Tligui, N.; Elallali, K.; Azrib, R.
Title Osteoarticular radiographic findings of the distal forelimbs in Tbourida Horses Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication Heliyon Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue 9 Pages e02514
Keywords Animal science; Pathophysiology; Animal behavior; Animal breeding; Veterinary medicine; Veterinary science; Horse; Radiographic findings; Forelimb; X-ray; Tbourida
Abstract Tbourida is a traditional Moroccan equestrian sport in which 15 horses gallop 200 m in a line while riders fire into the sky with muskets. The stop is the finale and representative demands of this equestrian event. Such particular sudden stop after a fast gallop requires a hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Indeed, it is well known that Tbourida show predisposes horses to different injuries of the hard and soft tissues of the distal forelimbs. Yet, there is a paucity of research that examined such lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the type and the prevalence of osteoarticular findings in the distal forelimbs of Tbourida horses using radiographic images. The study was conducted on 127 Tbourida horses aged between 2.5 and 15 years old with 6-year-old horses being the most affected. Data analysis showed that 93,7% of horses exhibit degenerative joint lesions of the fetlock, 86,6% showed ossification of the ungual cartilage, 78,7% had enthesophytes associated with the deep digital flexor tendons, 81,1% had enthesophytes associated with the suspensory ligament branches, and 19,6% showed a particular exostosis on the first phalanx. This large number of lesions reflects how this sport is difficult for horses and also argues that animals are suffering from a lack of welfare and care in their husbandry management.
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ISSN (down) 2405-8440 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6672
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Author Hill, S.E.; Ryan, M.J.
Title The role of model female quality in the mate choice copying behaviour of sailfin mollies Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Biology letters Abbreviated Journal Biol Lett
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 203-205
Keywords Animals; *Choice Behavior; Female; Male; *Mating Preference, Animal; Poecilia/*physiology
Abstract Female mate choice copying is a socially mediated mate choice behaviour, in which a male's attractiveness to females increases if he was previously chosen by another female as a mate. Although copying has been demonstrated in numerous species, little is known about the specific benefits it confers to copying females. Here we demonstrate that the mate choice behaviour of female sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna) is influenced by the phenotypic quality of model females with whom males are observed consorting. Test females choosing between two males of similar body length were found to significantly increase time spent with previously non-preferred males after having observed them with a relatively high-quality female. Conversely, females were found to significantly decrease time spent with previously preferred males after having observed them with a relatively low-quality female. Female mate choice copying might be maintained by selection based on the heuristic value it provides females choosing between males whose quality differences are not easily distinguishable.
Address University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA. sehill@mail.utexas.edu
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN (down) 1744-9561 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:17148362 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1820
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