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| Author | Croneya, C.C. | ||||
| Title | Group size and cognitive processes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 15-228 |
| Keywords | Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes | ||||
| Abstract | Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare. |
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| Corporate Author | Ruth C. Newberryb | Thesis | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 277 | ||
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| Author | Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. | ||||
| Title | Equine learning behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 76 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-13 |
| Keywords | Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory | ||||
| Abstract | Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 629 | ||
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| Author | Williams, D.O.; Boatwright, R.B.; Rugh, K.S.; Garner, H.E.; Griggs, D.M.J. | ||||
| Title | Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | The American journal of physiology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Physiol |
| Volume | 260 | Issue | 1 Pt 2 | Pages | H100-9 |
| Keywords | Animals; Consciousness/*physiology; Coronary Circulation/*physiology; Coronary Disease/pathology/*physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamic Processes/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen/metabolism; Lactates/metabolism; Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Potassium/metabolism; Regional Blood Flow | ||||
| Abstract | Studies were performed in the conscious pony instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and hydraulic occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intraventricular micromanometer in the left ventricle, and catheters in the left atrium and anterior interventricular vein. Two-minute LAD occlusions were performed every 30 min continuously or during working hours. Data on release of catabolites (potassium, hydrogen ions, and lactate) and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region were obtained periodically during a regimen of 445 +/- 56 occlusions in six animals. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured (microsphere method) before and after an occlusion regimen in four animals. Marked release of catabolites and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region was noted in association with early occlusions when myocardial segment function was severely reduced. With further occlusions, release of these substances decreased while segment function improved. Blood flow was markedly decreased in the initially dysfunctional region during an early occlusion but was at the control level during a later occlusion. Although the metabolic findings are consistent with protection due to “ischemic preconditioning” and no increase in collateral perfusion, the inverse relationship noted between catabolite release and segment function is best explained by flow-dependent mechanisms. These results, together with the myocardial blood flow data, serve to validate a previous assumption that protection against regional myocardial dysfunction under these conditions is due to increased collateral perfusion. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN |
0002-9513 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1992786 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 98 | ||
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| Author | de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M. | ||||
| Title | The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Folia Primatol (Basel) |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 215-234 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; *Group Processes; Macaca/*physiology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; *Object Attachment | ||||
| Abstract | Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN |
0015-5713 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:3557225 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 211 | ||
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| Author | Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. | ||||
| Title | Group decision-making in animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 421 | Issue | 6919 | Pages | 155-158 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans. | ||||
| Address | School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN |
0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12520299 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5136 | ||
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| Author | Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
| Title | Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 282 | Issue | 5389 | Pages | 746-749 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes | ||||
| Abstract | A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu | ||||
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0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:9784133 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 606 | ||
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| Author | Pennisi, E. | ||||
| Title | Are out primate cousins 'conscious'? | Type | |||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 284 | Issue | 5423 | Pages | 2073-2076 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus; *Consciousness; Empathy; Humans; Instinct; Intelligence; Learning; *Mental Processes; Pan troglodytes; *Primates | ||||
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0036-8075 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:10409060 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2843 | ||
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| Author | Rizzolatti, G.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V. | ||||
| Title | Mirrors of the mind | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Scientific American | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Am |
| Volume | 295 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 54-61 |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Emotions/physiology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Recognition (Psychology); Sensation/physiology | ||||
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| Address | Neurosciences Department, University of Parma, Italy | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN |
0036-8733 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17076084 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2829 | ||
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| Author | Hinde, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Analyzing the roles of the partners in a behavioral interaction--mother-infant relations in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1969 | Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume | 159 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 651-667 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Group Processes; Haplorhini; Leadership; Maternal Deprivation; *Mother-Child Relations; *Role; Time Factors | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN |
0077-8923 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:4981882 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2054 | |||
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| Author | Kozarovitskii, L.B. | ||||
| Title | [Further comment on the distinction between humans and animals] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1988 | Publication | Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki | Abbreviated Journal | Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
| Volume | Issue | 3 | Pages | 42-45 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Mental Processes; *Philosophy; Thinking | ||||
| Abstract | The problem of mind is considered in the aspect of natural scientific and philosophical problem of distinction between human and animal. The widespread confusion of the terms “rudiments”, “elements” of specifically human properties in animals and “biological prerequisites” of these properties are critically analysed. The idea is formulated according to which only in the process of anthropogenesis the rudiments of new social property--mind, conscience--could appear in the developing human beings. | ||||
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| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | Eshche raz o grani mezhdu chelovecheskim i zhivotnym | |
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| ISSN |
0470-4606 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:3382706 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2800 | ||
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