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de Waal, F. B.; Tyack, P., (eds) |
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Title |
Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies |
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2003 |
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Harvard University Press |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts |
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de Waal, F. B.; Tyack, P., |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4096 |
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Author |
Laland K.N. |
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Title |
Social learning strategies |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Learning & Behavior |
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Learn. Behav. |
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32 |
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4-14 |
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In most studies of social learning in animals, no attempt has been made to examine the nature of the strategy adopted by animals when they copy others. Researchers have expended considerable effort in exploring the psychological processes that underlie social learning and amassed extensive data banks recording purported social learning in the field, but the contexts under which animals copy others remain unexplored. Yet, theoretical models used to investigate the adaptive advantages of social learning lead to the conclusion that social learning cannot be indiscriminate and that individuals should adopt strategies that dictate the circumstances under which they copy others and from whom they learn. In this article, I discuss a number of possible strategies that are predicted by theoretical analyses, including copy when uncertain, copy the majority, and copy if better, and consider the empirical evidence in support of each, drawing from both the animal and human social learning literature. Reliance on social learning strategies may be organized hierarchically, their being employed by animals when unlearned and asocially learned strategies prove ineffective but before animals take recourse in innovation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4193 |
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Henderson, A.J.Z. |
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Title |
Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses |
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2007 |
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Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
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J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. |
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10 |
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4 |
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309-329 |
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*Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Stereotyped Behavior |
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This article posits that stereotypical behavior patterns and the overall psychological well being of today's performance horse could be substantially enhanced with care that acknowledges the relationship between domesticated horses and their forerunners. Feral horses typically roam in stable, social groups over large grazing territories, spending 16-20 hr per day foraging on mid- to poor-quality roughage. In contrast, today's elite show horses live in relatively small stalls, eat a limited-but rich-diet at specific feedings, and typically live in social isolation. Although the horse has been domesticated for more than 6000 years, there has been no selection for an equid who no longer requires an outlet for these natural behaviors. Using equine stereotypies as a welfare indicator, this researcher proposes that the psychological well being of today's performance horse is compromised. Furthermore, the article illustrates how minimal management changes can enhance horses' well being while still remaining compatible with the requirements of the sport-horse industry. The article discusses conclusions in terms of Fraser, Weary, Pajor, and Milligan's “integrative welfare model” (1997). |
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Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. zamoyska@shaw.ca |
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English |
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1088-8705 |
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PMID:17970632 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4363 |
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Author |
Dunbar, Robin I. M. |
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Title |
The social brain hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
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Evol. Anthropol. |
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6 |
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5 |
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178-190 |
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brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates |
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Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4371 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Equine behavior problems in relation to humane management |
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1981 |
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Int. J. Stud. Anim Prob. |
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Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob. |
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2 |
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6 |
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329-337 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4521 |
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To be deleted |
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The responses of horses in a discrimination problem |
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1937 |
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J. Compar. Physiol. Psychol. |
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23 |
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305-333 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4585 |
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Briard, L.; Deneubourg, J.-L.; Petit, O. |
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Title |
How stallions influence the dynamic of collective movements in two groups of domestic horses, from departure to arrival |
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2017 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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142 |
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56-63 |
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consensus; herding; polygyny; personal leadership; shared decision |
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Abstract The role of leader in polygynous species has been solely attributed to the male for some time, but recent studies shown decision making to be distributed within the group. However, the specific reproductive strategy and behavioural repertoire of males in polygynous species such as horses may mean that these individuals still have the potential to play a specific role during decision-making. To investigate this subject, we thoroughly studied the behaviour of two domestic stallions during collective movements of their group. We found that they initiated rarely and sometimes failed to recruit the entire group. When departing as followers, they did not accelerate the joining process. Both stallions preferentially occupied the rear position and exhibited numerous monitoring behaviours. Herding behaviours were performed by only one stallion and mostly occurred outside movement context. Finally, we removed this herding stallion from its group to evaluate how the group dynamic changed. As a result, half of the collective movements were five times slower and mares were more dispersed in comparison when the stallion was in the group. Overall, our results suggest that, the two stallions maintained their role of group monitors from departure to arrival. Their influence on the movement dynamic was indirect and did not play a specific role in the process of decision making. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6151 |
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Bílá, K.; Beránková, J.; Veselý, P.; Bugnyar, T.; Schwab, C. |
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Responses of urban crows to con- and hetero-specific alarm calls in predator and non-predator zoo enclosures |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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20 |
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1 |
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43-51 |
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Urban animals and birds in particular are able to cope with diverse novel threats in a city environment such as avoiding novel, unfamiliar predators. Predator avoidance often includes alarm signals that can be used also by hetero-specifics, which is mainly the case in mixed-species flocks. It can also occur when species do not form flocks but co-occur together. In this study we tested whether urban crows use alarm calls of conspecifics and hetero-specifics (jackdaws, Corvus monedula) differently in a predator and a non-predator context with partly novel and unfamiliar zoo animal species. Birds were tested at the Tiergarten Schönbrunn in the city of Vienna by playing back con- and hetero-specific alarm calls and control stimuli (great tit song and no stimuli) at predator (wolf, polar bear) and non-predator (eland antelope and cranes, peccaries) enclosures. We recorded responses of crows as the percentage of birds flying away after hearing the playback (out of those present before the playback) and as the number of vocalizations given by the present birds. A significantly higher percentage of crows flew away after hearing either con- or hetero-specific alarm calls, but it did not significantly differ between the predator and the non-predator context. Crows treated jackdaw calls just as crow calls, indicating that they make proper use of hetero-specific alarm calls. Responding similarly in both contexts may suggest that the crows were uncertain about the threat a particular zoo animal represents and were generally cautious. In the predator context, however, a high percentage of crows also flew away upon hearing the great tit control song which suggests that they may still evaluate those species which occasionally killed crows as more dangerous and respond to any conspicuous sound. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Bílá2017 |
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6159 |
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Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D. |
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Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
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Brain. Behav. Evol. |
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63 |
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4 |
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233-246 |
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Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology |
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Abstract
Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain. |
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0006-8977 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4738 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J.; Albentosa, M.J. |
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Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Livestock Production Science |
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Livest. Prod. Sci. |
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92 |
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2 |
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177-182 |
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Behavioural adaptation; Horse; Stereotypic behaviour |
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Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment. |
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0301-6226 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4829 |
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