| Records |
| Author |
unknown |
| Title |
Personality and Personality Disorders |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages  |
195-207 |
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| Publisher |
W. H. Freeman and Company |
Place of Publication |
New York |
Editor |
Plomin, R.; DeFries, J.C.; McClearn, G.E.;Rutter, M. |
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3 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4283 |
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| Author |
Palme, R.; Moestl, E. |
| Title |
Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Mammal. Biol. |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
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Pages |
192-197 |
| Keywords |
glucocorticoids, metabolites, animal biology, sheep, immunoenzyme techniques, |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6044 |
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| Author |
Russell, C.L.; Bard, K.A.; Adamson, L.B. |
| Title |
Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
111 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
185-191 |
| Keywords |
happy & fear messages concerning novel objects from familiar human caregiver, social referencing, 14–41 mo old chimpanzees |
| Abstract |
Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual and the use of that information to evaluate a situation. It is a well-documented ability in human infants but has not been studied experimentally in nonhuman primates. Seventeen young nursery-reared chimpanzees (14 to 41 months old) were observed in a standard social referencing paradigm in which they received happy and fear messages concerning novel objects from a familiar human caregiver. Each chimpanzee looked referentially at their caregiver, and the emotional messages that they received differentially influenced their gaze behavior and avoidance of the novel objects. It is concluded that chimpanzees can acquire information about their complex social and physical environments through social referencing and can use emotional information to alter their own behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1997-06365-008 |
Serial |
5603 |
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| Author |
Kahurananga, J.; Silkiluwasha, F. |
| Title |
The migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains, northern Tanzania, in 1972 and recent trends |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
African Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Afr J Ecol |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
179-185 |
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| Abstract |
In 1972, four aerial censuses were carried out to assess the annual migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains. About 6000 zebra and 10,000 wildebeest were in the Plains in the middle of the rainy season, in April. During the dry season in August the animals were concentrated in the Park. The migration from the Park to the Plains started at beginning of the rains, in November/December. Recent censuses by Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring (TWCM, 1991, 1995) indicate that an estimated 23,000 zebra and 11,000 wildebeest migrate into the Park from Simanjiro and other wet season areas. Encroaching cultivation is a threat to the migration corridors and sustainability of the ecosystem . Providing benefits from wildlife to communities around the park would safeguard the future of the wildlife. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kahurananga1997 |
Serial |
2312 |
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| Author |
Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. |
| Title |
Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
177-185 |
| Keywords |
Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens |
| Abstract |
Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3603 |
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| Author |
Beaugrand, J.P |
| Title |
Relative importance of initial individual differences, agonistic experience, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation: a simulation study |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
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Pages |
177-192 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; Hierarchy formation; RHP; Agonistic experience; Assessment; Self-organization; Simulation |
| Abstract |
This simulation study explores some conditions leading to transitivity within dominance orders. Combinations of three parameters were varied to study their consequences upon hierarchy formation and upon the degree of linearity of resultant structures. The factors studied were: (1) the importance of initial resource holding potentials (RHPs); (2) changes brought in RHPs by successive victories and defeats; and (3) accuracy of RHP assessment made by opponents. Results show that initial differences in RHP always lead to perfectly transitive chains whose rank order reflects the importance of initial differences. Even when simulated animals make important errors while assessing each other during round robin tournaments, emerging dominance structures are perfectly linear and ranks obtained in the structure are highly correlated with initial values in RHPs. Moreover, accumulated experiences of victory and/or defeat alone always lead to perfectly linear hierarchies. Their combination with initial individual differences in RHP led to the same conclusion. Even when assessment was far from being perfect, not only perfect chains were formed but initial values in RHPs significantly influenced rank order when the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP was relatively unimportant. The higher the importance of victory and defeat to RHP as compared to that of initial RHP values, the lower was the correlation between initial RHP values and the ranks order reached by individuals in the resultant hierarchies. In general also, the lower the variation within initial RHPs, the lower was the correlation between initial RHPs and ranks in the hierarchy. At a given level of initial RHP dispersion, increasing the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP diminished the correlation between initial RHP values and obtained ranks. In addition, inaccurate assessment reduced the overall correlation, especially when dispersion of initial RHP values was low and the contribution of victory and defeat relatively unimportant. These results shed some light on the controversy about the respective roles of initial individual attributes and that of patterns of resolution in the formation of animal hierarchies. We present the emergence of social order within closed systems as those simulated here as a case of self-organization. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4290 |
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| Author |
Beaugrand, J.P. |
| Title |
Relative importance of initial individual differences, victory and defeat experiences, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation: A simulation study |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Cogprints |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
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Pages |
177-192 |
| Keywords |
Dominance; Hierarchy formation; RHP; agonistic experience; Assessment; Self-organization; Simulation |
| Abstract |
This simulation study explores some conditions leading to transitivity within dominance orders. Combinations of three parameters were varied to study their consequences upon hierarchy formation and upon the degree of linearity of resultant structures. The factors studied were (i) the importance of initial Resource Holding Potentials (RHPs) , (ii) changes brought in RHPs by successive victories and defeats, and (iii) accuracy of RHP assessment made by opponents. Results show that initial differences in RHP always lead to perfectly transitive chains whose rank order reflects the importance of initial differences. Even when simulated animals make important errors while assessing each other during round robin tournaments, emerging dominance structures are perfectly linear and ranks obtained in the structure are highly correlated with initial values in RHPs. Moreover, accumulated experiences of victory and/or defeat alone always lead to perfectly linear hierarchies. Their combination with initial individual differences in RHP led to the same conclusion. Even when assessment was far from being perfect, not only perfect chains were formed but initial values in RHPs significantly influenced rank order when the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP was relatively unimportant. The higher the importance of victory and defeat to RHP as compared to that of initial RHP values, the lower was the correlation between initial RHP values and the ranks order reached by individuals in the resultant hierarchies. In general also, the lower the variation within initial RHPs, the lower was the correlation between initial RHPs and ranks in the hierarchy. At a given level of initial RHP dispersion, increasing the contribution of victory and defeat to RHP diminished the correlation between initial RHP values and obtained ranks. In addition, inaccurate assessment reduced the overall correlation, especially when dispersion of initial RHP values was low and the contribution of victory and defeat was high. These results shed some light on the controversy about the respective roles of initial individual attributes and that of patterns of resolution in the formation of animal hierarchies. We present the emergence of social order within closed systems as those simulated here as a case of self-organization. |
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Elsevier |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ cogprints:1965 |
Serial |
4291 |
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| Author |
Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F. |
| Title |
Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
167-182 |
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| Abstract |
The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection. |
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0006-8977 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5454 |
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Inoue-Nakamura N; Matsuzawa T |
| Title |
Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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| Volume |
111 |
Issue |
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Pages |
159 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3009 |
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Sappington, B.K.F.; McCall, C.A.; Coleman, D.A.; Kuhlers, D.L.; Lishak, R.S. |
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A preliminary study of the relationship between discrimination reversal learning and performance tasks in yearling and 2-year-old horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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53 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
157-166 |
| Keywords |
Cognition; Learning; Horse; Training |
| Abstract |
A study was conducted to determine the relationship between discrimination reversal learning and performance tasks in horses. Ten yearling and seven 2-year-old mares and geldings of Arabian (n = 4), Quarter Horse (n = 9), and Thoroughbred (n = 4) breeding were given a two-choice discrimination task in which either a black or a white bucket contained a food reward for ten trials per day during 19 test days. The spatial position of the buckets was varied on a random schedule. The rewarded bucket color was reversed each time a subject met criterion of eight correct choices per day for 2 consecutive days. Discrimination reversal testing was followed by 6 days of performance tasks: three crossing a wooden bridge and three jumping an obstacle to reach food and conspecifics, within a maximum allotted time of 15 min day-1. Total reversals attained by the horses were low (x = 1.5 +/- 0.9). All subjects did attain at least one reversal, and six had two or more reversals. No differences (P > .05) were detected between ages or sexes, nor among breeds in discrimination reversal learning or performance test measurements. However, there was a trend towards a breed difference (P <= 0.09) in the mean number of correct responses to the first reversal criterion. Correlations between reversal learning results and performance task results were extremely low, indicating that the discrimination reversal learning test was not useful for predicting success at these performance tasks. Results from the two performance tasks also showed little correlation (r = 0.04, P < 0.91), indicating that horses might not use the same approach when solving the problem of crossing these two obstacles. The overall poor performance of the horses on the discrimination reversal task suggests horses may have difficulty reversing previously learned tasks. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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826 |
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