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| Author |
Kasuya,Eiiti |
| Title |
A randomization test for linearity of dominance hierarchies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
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137-140 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4288 |
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| Author |
Powell, D. |
| Title |
Female–female competition or male mate choice? Patterns of courtship and breeding behavior among feral horses (Equus caballus) on Assateague Island |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
| Volume |
26 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
137-144-144 |
| Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
Previous research on the Assateague horses found that high-ranking females had more surviving offspring than low-ranking females. Variance in reproductive success may be the result of a variety of proximate processes that affect sexual behavior such as mate choice and mate competition. A study was done to determine whether patterns of courtship, social, and sexual behavior could be identified that would suggest mate choice and/or mate competition. Behavioral data were collected from approximately 40 sexually mature mares living in harem bands. Stallions showed more interest in the eliminations of dominant mares than subordinate mares. Males also engaged in significantly more high-intensity (e.g., mounts and copulations) sexual behavior with dominant mares than subordinate mares, and there was a trend for males to engage in more low-intensity (e.g., flehmen and ano-genital sniffing) sexual behavior with dominant mares than subordinate mares. There was no effect of mare rank on spatial relationships with the stallion; however, dominant mares did attempt to restrict reproductive access to the stallion by harassing and disrupting copulations. Higher foaling rates among dominant mares on Assateague Island could therefore be the result of rank-related mate choice by stallions and direct female competition for mating opportunities. |
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Springer Japan |
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0289-0771 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5412 |
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| Author |
Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. |
| Title |
Affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares: influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
| Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
133-140 |
| Keywords |
Sorraia horse – Affiliative relationship – Dominance – Kinship – Reproductive state |
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Abstract Affiliative relationships among mares were examined in a managed group of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, over a 3-year period. We assessed the influence of age, dominance, kinship and reproductive state on the strength of affiliative relationships and diversity of partners. The herd comprised 9–11 mares that had known each other since birth, their foals and a stallion that remained in the group exclusively during the breeding season. In contrast to a previous study, kinship did not significantly affect bonds. Mares tended to spend more time in proximity to those in the same reproductive state. Affiliative relationships among mares were relatively stable but their strength decreased after foaling, possibly as a function of foal protection and bonding between dam and foal. There was no consistent evidence that mares disengaged from affiliative relationships with increasing age. As expected, dominant mares and barren mares contributed the most to affiliative relationships. Dominance rank increased with age, but dominance relationships were stable and did not change after foaling. Overall, reproductive state was the factor that had the most consistent influence on affiliative relationships among Sorraia mares. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5100 |
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| Author |
Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
| Title |
Why does culture increase human adaptability? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol. a. Sociob. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
125-143 |
| Keywords |
Social learning; Adaptation; Culture; Sociobiology |
| Abstract |
It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4196 |
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| Author |
Baer, K.L.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Beaver, B.V. |
| Title |
Observation effects on learning in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
| Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
123-129 |
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Sixteen horses, divided into 2 groups of 8, were used to study observational learning in horses. One group served as controls while the other group served as the treated group (observers). Observers were allowed to watch a correctly performed discrimination task for 5 days prior to testing their learning response using the same task. Discrimination testing was conducted on all horses daily for 14 days, with criterion set at 7 out of 8 responses correct with the last 5 consecutively correct. The maximum number of trials performed without reaching criterion was limited to 20 per day. Mean trials to criteria (MT) by group were: control, 11.25; observer, 10.70. Mean error (ME) scores were: control, 2.37; observer, 2.02. Average initial discrimination error scores were 11.13 for control and 10.38 for observers (P < 0.10). Asymptote was reached by Day 8 for both control and observer groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed an extreme-day effect indicative of learning (P < 0.01), with non-significant differences in learning rate between experimental groups. Whether the initial ability of the horses to perform a discrimination learning task was enhanced by observation of other horses' performance of that task was not obvious from these data. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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726 |
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Shi, J.; Dunbar, R. |
| Title |
Feeding competition within a feral goat population on the Isle of Rum, NW Scotland |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
117-124 |
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This study investigated feeding competition within and between different age-sex classes of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum (northwest Scotland) from August to November 2000 (inclusive). Although contests in a feeding context were common, most were relatively passive: little overt agonistic behaviour was observed between opponents and the distance between feeding animals involved did not change significantly after an interaction. Month (but not sex or habitat type) had a significant effect on feeding interaction rates, and the proportion of interactions involving more intense forms of conflict was highest in November when forage availability was beginning to decline. The results show that the initiator won most feeding encounters, with adult males being dominant over females. The ability to win conflicts increased with age for both males and females. However, it decreased sharply for adult males older than 5 years, which may, in part, explain the reduced overwinter survival of these individuals. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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805 |
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Houpt, K.A. |
| Title |
Review of some research areas of applied and theoretical interest in domestic animal behavior |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
111-119 |
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There are numerous areas worthy of study in the field of domestic animal behavior or applied ethology. In this paper a few areas are offerred as particularly worthy of attention. These areas are worthwhile either because they have received little or no study and are of basic interest or because they have application to current problems of livestock production. The study of cat behavior falls in the former category. Neither the food and water sources, the reproductive success rate nor even the social interactions of cats in the large populations found in both rural and urban environments are known. Pigs as a species have already been the subjects of many behavior studies; nevertheless, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the underlying principles of swine behavior. The physiological basis of maternal behavior, for example, has not been studied in swine or in any domestic species. The sensory basis of udder location by the neonatal piglet deserves study also. Some aspects of olfactory and vocal communication of pigs have been studied, but only one of what may be a large number of pheromones of pigs has been chemically identified. The message conveyed by the vocal interactions between adult swine of the same sex is unknown, as is the role of facial and postural expressions in porcine communication. The two major problems of pig behavior under conditions of intensive livestock management are tail biting and reproductive failure. The application of behavioral techniques to these problems might help to attenuate those problems as well as broaden our understanding of normal pig behavior. Horse behavior has also been a relatively neglected field of study. Of particular interest is the significance of the flehmen gesture used by both mares and stallions in a variety of situations. Flehmen may be related to the function of the vomeronasal organ, but both observational and physiological studies should be performed to verify the hypothesis. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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508 |
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de Waal, F.B.M.; Luttrell, L.M. |
| Title |
Mechanisms of social reciprocity in three primate species: Symmetrical relationship characteristics or cognition? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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9 |
Issue |
2–4 |
Pages |
101-118 |
| Keywords |
Reciprocity; Agonistic intervention; Cognition; Chimpanzees; Macaques |
| Abstract |
Agonistic intervention behavior was observed in captive groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Reciprocity correlations of interventions were determined while removing from the data the effects of several symmetrical relationship characteristics, that is, matrillineal kinship, proximity relations, and same-sex combination. It was considered likely that if significant reciprocity persisted after controlling for these characteristics, the reciprocity was based on cognitive mechanisms. Statistical significance was tested by means of recently developed matrix permutation procedures. All three species exhibited significant reciprocity with regard to beneficial interventions, even after controlling for symmetrical traits. Harmful interventions were, however, reciprocal among chimpanzees only. This species showed a “revenge system”, that is, if A often intervened against B, B did the same to A. In contrast, both macaque species showed significantly inversed reciprocity in their harmful interventions: if A often intervened against B, B rarely intervened against A. Further analysis indicates that the strict hierarchy of macaques prevents them from achieving complete reciprocity. Compared to chimpanzees, macaques rarely intervene against higher ranking group members. The observed contrast can be partially explained on the basis of differences in available space, as indicated by a comparison of indoor and outdoor living conditions for the chimpanzee colony. Yet, even when such spatial factors are taken into account, substantial behavior differences between chimpanzees and macaques remain. |
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0162-3095 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5809 |
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Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
| Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
87 |
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1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
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Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5413 |
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| Author |
Dochtermann, N.A.; Jenkins, S.H. |
| Title |
Multivariate Methods and Small Sample Sizes |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
117 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-101 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5288 |
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