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| Author | Tibbetts, E.A. | ||||
| Title | Visual signals of individual identity in the wasp Polistes fuscatus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 269 | Issue | 1423 | Pages  |
1423-1428 |
| Keywords | hymenoptera; individual-recognition; learning-insect | ||||
| Abstract | Individual recognition is an essential component of interactions in many social systems, but insects are often thought incapable of the sophistication necessary to recognize individuals. If this were true, it would impose limits on the societies that insects could form. For example, queens and workers of the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus form a linear dominance hierarchy that determines how food, work and reproduction are divided within the colony. Such a stable hierarchy would be facilitated if individuals of different ranks have some degree of recognition. P. fuscatus wasps have, to our knowledge, previously undocumented variability in their yellow facial and abdominal markings that are intriguing candidates for signals of individual identity. Here, I describe these highly variable markings and experimentally test whether P. fuscatus queens and workers use these markings to identify individual nest-mates visually. I demonstrate that individuals whose yellow markings are experimentally altered with paint receive more aggression than control wasps who are painted in a way that does not alter their markings. Further, aggression declines towards wasps with experimentally altered markings as these novel markings become familiar to their nestmates. This evidence for individual recognition in P. fuscatus indicates that interactions between insects may be even more complex than previously anticipated. Full |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ 929 | Serial | 4732 | ||
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| Author | Hildenbrandt, H.; Carere, C.; Hemelrijk, C.K. | ||||
| Title | Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 6 | Pages |
1349-1359 |
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| Abstract | Through combining theoretical models and empirical data, complexity science has increased our understanding of social behavior of animals, in particular of social insects, primates, and fish. What are missing are studies of collective behavior of huge swarms of birds. Recently detailed empirical data have been collected of the swarming maneuvers of large flocks of thousands of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at their communal sleeping site (roost). Their flocking maneuvers are of dazzling complexity in their changes in density and flock shape, but the processes underlying them are still a mystery. Recent models show that flocking may arise by self-organization from rules of co-ordination with nearby neighbors, but patterns in these models come nowhere near the complexity of those of the real starlings. The question of this paper, therefore, is whether such complex patterns can emerge by self-organization. In our computer model, called StarDisplay, we combine the usual rules of co-ordination based on separation, attraction, and alignment with specifics of starling behavior: 1) simplified aerodynamics of flight, especially rolling during turning, 2) movement above a “roosting area” (sleeping site), and 3) the low fixed number of interaction neighbors (i.e., the topological range). Our model generates patterns that resemble remarkably not only qualitative but also quantitative empirical data collected in Rome through video recordings and position measurements by stereo photography. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying complex flocking maneuvers of starlings and other birds. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5403 | ||
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| Author | Bugnyar, T.; Stöwe, M.; Heinrich, B. | ||||
| Title | Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 1546 | Pages |
1331-1336 |
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| Abstract | The ability to follow gaze (i.e. head and eye direction) has recently been shown for social mammals, particularly primates. In most studies, individuals could use gaze direction as a behavioural cue without understanding that the view of others may be different from their own. Here, we show that hand–raised ravens not only visually co–orient with the look–ups of a human experimenter but also reposition themselves to follow the experimenter's gaze around a visual barrier. Birds were capable of visual co–orientation already as fledglings but consistently tracked gaze direction behind obstacles not before six months of age. These results raise the possibility that sub–adult and adult ravens can project a line of sight for the other person into the distance. To what extent ravens may attribute mental significance to the visual behaviour of others is discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1098/rspb.2004.2738 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5009 | ||
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| Author | Nguyen, N.; Van Horn, R.; Alberts, S.; Altmann, J. | ||||
| Title | “Friendships” between new mothers and adult males: adaptive benefits and determinants in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 9 | Pages |
1331-1344 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract | Close associations between adult males and lactating females and their dependent infants are not commonly described in non-monogamous mammals. However, such associations [sometimes called friendships (Smuts 1985)] are regularly observed in several primate species in which females mate with multiple males during the fertile period. The absence of mating exclusivity among friends suggests that males should invest little in infant care, raising questions about the adaptive significance of friendship bonds. Using data from genetic paternity analyses, patterns of behavior, and long-term demographic and reproductive records, we evaluated the extent to which friendships in four multi-male, multi-female yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) groups in Amboseli, Kenya represent joint parental care of offspring or male mating effort. We found evidence that mothers and infants benefited directly from friendships; friendships provided mother–infant dyads protection from harassment from other adult and immature females. In addition, nearly half of all male friends were the genetic fathers of offspring and had been observed mating with mothers during the days of most likely conception for those offspring. In contrast, nearly all friends who were not fathers were also not observed to consort with the mother during the days of most likely conception, suggesting that friendships between mothers and non-fathers did not result from paternity confusion. Finally, we found no evidence that prior friendship increased a male’s chances of mating with a female in future reproductive cycles. Our results suggest that, for many male–female pairs at Amboseli, friendships represented a form of biparental care of offspring. Males in the remaining friendship dyads may be trading protection of infants in exchange for some resources or services not yet identified. Our study is the first to find evidence that female primates gain social benefits from their early associations with adult males. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0340-5443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5243 | ||
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| Author | Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
| Title | The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | Physiology & behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 6 | Pages |
1207-1214 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine | ||||
| Abstract | The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions. | ||||
| Address | New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:2813545 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 44 | ||
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| Author | Call, J. | ||||
| Title | Beyond learning fixed rules and social cues: abstraction in the social arena | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 358 | Issue | 1435 | Pages |
1189-1196 |
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| Abstract | Abstraction is a central idea in many areas of physical comparative cognition such as categorization, numerical competence or problem solving. This idea, however, has rarely been applied to comparative social cognition. In this paper, I propose that the notion of abstraction can be applied to the social arena and become an important tool to investigate the social cognition and behaviour processes in animals. To make this point, I present recent evidence showing that chimpanzees know about what others can see and about what others intend. These data do not fit either low-level mechanisms based on stimulus-response associations or high-level explanations based on metarepresentational mechanisms such as false belief attribution. Instead, I argue that social abstraction, in particular the development of concepts such as seeing in others, is key to explaining the behaviour of our closest relative in a variety of situations. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3524 | ||
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| Author | Uzawa, T.; Akiyama, S.; Kimura, T.; Takahashi, S.; Ishimori, K.; Morishima, I.; Fujisawa, T. | ||||
| Title | Collapse and search dynamics of apomyoglobin folding revealed by submillisecond observations of alpha-helical content and compactness | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 101 | Issue | 5 | Pages |
1171-1176 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Cytochromes c/chemistry; Horses; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; *Protein Structure, Secondary; Scattering, Radiation | ||||
| Abstract | The characterization of protein folding dynamics in terms of secondary and tertiary structures is important in elucidating the features of intraprotein interactions that lead to specific folded structures. Apomyoglobin (apoMb), possessing seven helices termed A-E, G, and H in the native state, has a folding intermediate composed of the A, G, and H helices, whose formation in the submillisecond time domain has not been clearly characterized. In this study, we used a rapid-mixing device combined with circular dichroism and small-angle x-ray scattering to observe the submillisecond folding dynamics of apoMb in terms of helical content (f(H)) and radius of gyration (R(g)), respectively. The folding of apoMb from the acid-unfolded state at pH 2.2 was initiated by a pH jump to 6.0. A significant collapse, corresponding to approximately 50% of the overall change in R(g) from the unfolded to native conformation, was observed within 300 micros after the pH jump. The collapsed intermediate has a f(H) of 33% and a globular shape that involves >80% of all its atoms. Subsequently, a stepwise helix formation was detected, which was interpreted to be associated with a conformational search for the correct tertiary contacts. The characterized folding dynamics of apoMb indicates the importance of the initial collapse event, which is suggested to facilitate the subsequent conformational search and the helix formation leading to the native structure. | ||||
| Address | Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14711991 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3779 | ||
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| Author | Churcher, C. S. | ||||
| Title | Oldest Ass Recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the Origin of Asses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of Paleontology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Paleontol. |
| Volume | 56 | Issue | 5 | Pages |
1124-1132 |
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| Abstract | Abstract An isolated right metatarsal III from an adult small monodactyl equid was recovered in situ from the middle of Bed II at Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck Korongo, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1963. Interosseous contacts for splint metatarsals II and IV are less evident than in any modern comparative Equus metapodials in Leiden, Holland, London, England or in the field in Africa: horses (E. caballus), zebras (E. burchellii, E. grevyi, E. quagga) and asses (E. a. asinus, E. a. africanus), of which the horses and asses were domesticates. The specimen is provisionally assigned to Equus (Asinus) asinus. The estimated height at the shoulders is less than a meter for the animal in life, comparable to a small donkey. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 105 | ||
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| Author | Krause, S.; Mattner, L.; James, R.; Guttridge, T.; Corcoran, M.; Gruber, S.; Krause, J. | ||||
| Title | Social network analysis and valid Markov chain Monte Carlo tests of null models | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 7 | Pages |
1089-1096-1096 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract | Analyses of animal social networks derived from group-based associations often rely on randomisation methods developed in ecology (Manly, Ecology 76:1109–1115, 1995) and made available to the animal behaviour community through implementation of a pair-wise swapping algorithm by Bejder et al. (Anim Behav 56:719–725, 1998). We report a correctable flaw in this method and point the reader to a wider literature on the subject of null models in the ecology literature. We illustrate the importance of correcting the method using a toy network and use it to make a preliminary analysis of a network of associations among eagle rays. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0340-5443 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5208 | ||
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| Author | Sueur, C.; Petit, O. | ||||
| Title | Organization of Group Members at Departure Is Driven by Social Structure in Macaca | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | International Journal of Primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Int. J. Primatol. |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 4 | Pages |
1085-1098 |
| Keywords | dominance – kinship – Macaca tonkeana – M. mulatta – network metrics – order – movement | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract Researchers have often explained order of progression of group members during joint movement in terms of the influence of ecological pressures but rarely that of social constraints. We studied the order of joining by group members to a movement in semifree-ranging macaques with contrasting social systems: 1 group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) and 1 group of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). We used network metrics to understand roles and associations among individuals. The way the macaques joined a movement reflected the social differences between the species in terms of dominance and kinship. Old and dominant male rhesus macaques were more often at the front of the movement, contrary to the Tonkean macaques, which exhibited no specific order. Moreover, rhesus macaques preferred to join high-ranking or related individuals, whereas Tonkean macaques based associations during joining mostly on sexual relationships with a subgroup of peripheral males. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5125 | ||
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