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Author | Krueger, K.; Flauger, B.; Farmer, K.; Maros, K. | ||||
Title | Horses (Equus caballus) use human local enhancement cues and adjust to human attention | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 14 | Issue | 2 | Pages ![]() |
187-201 |
Keywords | Human–horse interaction – Horse – Attention-reading – Position – Familiarity | ||||
Abstract | This study evaluates the horse (Equus caballus) use of human local enhancement cues and reaction to human attention when making feeding decisions. The superior performance of dogs in observing human states of attention suggests this ability evolved with domestication. However, some species show an improved ability to read human cues through socialization and training. We observed 60 horses approach a bucket with feed in a three-way object-choice task when confronted with (a) an unfamiliar or (b) a familiar person in 4 different situations: (1) squatting behind the bucket, facing the horse (2) standing behind the bucket, facing the horse (3) standing behind the bucket in a back-turned position, gazing away from the horse and (4) standing a few meters from the bucket in a distant, back-turned position, again gazing away from the horse. Additionally, postures 1 and 2 were tested both with the person looking permanently at the horse and with the person alternating their gaze between the horse and the bucket. When the person remained behind the correct bucket, it was chosen significantly above chance. However, when the test person was turned and distant from the buckets, the horses’ performance deteriorated. In the turned person situations, the horses approached a familiar person and walked towards their focus of attention significantly more often than with an unfamiliar person. Additionally, in the squatting and standing person situations, some horses approached the person before approaching the correct bucket. This happened more with a familiar person. We therefore conclude that horses can use humans as a local enhancement cue independently of their body posture or gaze consistency when the persons remain close to the food source and that horses seem to orientate on the attention of familiar more than of unfamiliar persons. We suggest that socialization and training improve the ability of horses to read human cues. | ||||
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Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5178 | ||
Permanent link to this record | |||||
Author | Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. | ||||
Title | Maternal care and foal social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses: Influence of maternal rank and experience | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 113 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages ![]() |
189-205 |
Keywords | Horse; Rank; Experience; Maternal care; Social relationships | ||||
Abstract | The influence of maternal rank and experience on patterns of maternal care and social relationships of foals were investigated in a managed herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus. Social interactions and spatial relationships of 13 foals (seven females and six males) born to seven mares were examined from birth to 10 months of life, within the three major periods of foal development. Conflict over suckling between dam and foal was not generally affected by rank and experience, but higher-ranking mothers allowed more suckling during late lactation than lower-ranking mothers. Foals of higher-ranking mares spent more time in proximity to the mother during socialization. Maternal rank and experience did not significantly affect maternal protectiveness, foal independence from the mother or the development of affiliative relationships between foals and group members. Foals of higher-ranking mares received lower frequencies of aggression from other horses only in the first month of life. Dominance relationships among foals depended mainly on aggressiveness and were not associated with maternal rank. The large variability in maternal behaviour, the absence of a significant association between maternal rank and body condition at parturition and the stable social environment within this herd may partly account for the reported results. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4778 | ||
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Author | Alexander, F.; Chowdhury, A.K. | ||||
Title | Enzymes in the ileal juice of the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1958 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 181 | Issue | 4603 | Pages ![]() |
190 |
Keywords | *Enzymes; *Horses; Ileum/*metabolism; *Enzymes; *Horses; *ILEUM/metabolism | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:13504127 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 121 | ||
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Author | Ionita, J.C.; Poncet, P.A.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A. | ||||
Title | [Evaluation of the quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses in their breeding farms] | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
Volume | 148 | Issue | 4 | Pages ![]() |
191-197 |
Keywords | Animal Husbandry/methods/*standards/statistics & numerical data; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Breeding/*methods/standards; Female; Floors and Floorcoverings; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/*standards; Male; Poaceae; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Switzerland | ||||
Abstract | The quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM: 46.1% were breeding mares (61.0% with foal at foot), 26.5% young stock, 1.3% stallions and 26.0% non breeding stock (74.6% of which were pleasure horses and 25.4% working horses). 57.6% of the FM were housed in individual boxes with or without permanent outdoor access, 25.4% were hold in groups with or without permanent outdoor access, the remaining 17.0% were kept in standing stalls. 95.0% of the FM had at least visual contact with other equines and 99.2% had sufficient light in their stable. 88.1% were stabled on long stalk straw, while only 4.3% were bedded on other materials other than straw. The average time spent at pasture per horse and per week ranged from 96.5 +/- 51.6 hours in summer to 27.2 +/- 26.7 hours in winter. On average, a FM is used for 8.3 +/- 6.5 hours per week. Horses with an paddock at their disposal spend an average of 39.8 +/- 45.9 hours there per week. | ||||
Address | Chirurgische Tierklinik, Universitat Leipzig | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | French | Summary Language | Original Title | Les conditions de detention des chevaux de race franches-montagnes dans leurs exploitations d'elevage | |
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0036-7281 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:16703760 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1872 | |||
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Author | Sinclair, M.; Buhrmann, G.; Gummow, B. | ||||
Title | An epidemiological investigation of the African horsesickness outbreak in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 2004 and its relevance to the current equine export protocol | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of the South African Veterinary Association | Abbreviated Journal | J S Afr Vet Assoc |
Volume | 77 | Issue | 4 | Pages ![]() |
191-196 |
Keywords | African Horse Sickness/diagnosis/*epidemiology; African horse sickness virus/*isolation & purification; Animals; Ceratopogonidae/virology; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Female; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Male; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sentinel Surveillance; South Africa/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage | ||||
Abstract | African Horsesickness (AHS) is a controlled disease in South Africa. The country is divided into an infected area and a control area. An outbreak of AHS in the control area can result in a ban of exports for at least 2 years. A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out on data collected during the 2004 AHS outbreak in the surveillance zone of the AHS control area in the Western Cape Province. The objective of this study was to describe the 2004 outbreak and compare it with the 1999 AHS outbreak in the same area. As part of the investigation, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the 30 km radius surrounding the index case. Spatial, temporal and population patterns for the outbreak are described. The investigation found that the outbreak occurred before any significant rainfall and that the main AHS vector (Culicoides imicola) was present in abundance during the outbreak. Furthermore, 63% of cases occurred at temperatures < or = 15 degrees C, the Eerste River Valley was a high risk area, only 17% of owners used vector protection as a control measure and 70% of horses in the outbreak area were protected by means of vaccination at the start of the outbreak. The study revealed that the current AHS control measures do not function optimally because of the high percentage of vaccinated horses in the surveillance zone, which results in insufficient sentinel animals and the consequent failure of the early warning system. Alternative options for control that allow continued export are discussed in the paper. | ||||
Address | State Veterinarian Epidemiology, Elsenburg, South Africa. marnas@elsenburg.com | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1019-9128 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:17458343 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2354 | ||
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Author | Bailey, A.; Williams, N.; Palmer, M.; Geering, R. | ||||
Title | The farmer as service provider: the demand for agricultural commodities and equine services | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Agricultural Systems | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 66 | Issue | 3 | Pages ![]() |
191-204 |
Keywords | Income and price elasticity of demand; Farm diversification; Horses | ||||
Abstract | In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace — hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively elastic. Thus it is logical to divert agricultural resources into service provision. One such service is provided by equine enterprises. We have estimated the own price and income elasticities of demand for selected agricultural commodities and for ‘equine services’. Our results confirm that demand for equine services is more elastic than for agricultural commodities. Thus diversification into horse enterprises is likely to have long term benefits for farmers vis á vis traditional agricultural production. | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0308-521x | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5713 | ||
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Author | Wolter, R.; Stefanski, V.; Krueger, K. | ||||
Title | Parameters for the Analysis of Social Bonds in Horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2018 | Publication | Animals | Abbreviated Journal | Animals |
Volume | 8 | Issue | 11 | Pages ![]() |
191 |
Keywords | feral horses; mutual grooming; social bonds; social bond analysis; spatial proximity | ||||
Abstract | Social bond analysis is of major importance for the evaluation of social relationships in group housed horses. However, in equine behaviour literature, studies on social bond analysis are inconsistent. Mutual grooming (horses standing side by side and gently nipping, nuzzling, or rubbing each other), affiliative approaches (horses approaching each other and staying within one body length), and measurements of spatial proximity (horses standing with body contact or within two horse-lengths) are commonly used. In the present study, we assessed which of the three parameters is most suitable for social bond analysis in horses, and whether social bonds are affected by individual and group factors. We observed social behaviour and spatial proximity in 145 feral horses, five groups of Przewalski�s horses (N = 36), and six groups of feral horses (N = 109) for 15 h per group, on three days within one week. We found grooming, friendly approaches, and spatial proximity to be robust parameters, as their correlation was affected only by the animals� sex (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.001, t = �2.7, p = 0.008) and the group size (GLMM: N = 145, SE < 0.001, t = 4.255, p < 0.001), but not by the horse breed, the aggression ratio, the social rank, the group, the group composition, and the individuals themselves. Our results show a trend for a correspondence between all three parameters (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.004, t = 1.95, p = 0.053), a strong correspondence between mutual grooming and friendly approaches (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.021, t = 3.922, p < 0.001), and a weak correspondence between mutual grooming and spatial proximity (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.04, t = 1.15, p = 0.25). We therefore suggest either using a combination of the proactive behaviour counts mutual grooming and friendly approaches, or using measurements of close spatial proximity, for the analysis of social bonds in horses within a limited time frame. | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 2076-2615 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6428 | ||
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Author | Schwenk, B.K.; Fürst, A.E.; Bischhofberger, A.S. | ||||
Title | Traffic accident-related injuries in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Pferdeheilkunde – Equine Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Med. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | 3 | Pages ![]() |
192-199 |
Keywords | traffic / horse / injury / body site / accident / trauma | ||||
Abstract | Horses involved in road traffic accidents (RTAs) are commonly presented to veterinarians with varying types of injuries. The aim of this study was describe the pattern and severity of traffic accident-related injuries in horses in a single hospital population. Medical records of horses either hit by a motorized vehicle or involved in RTAs whilst being transported from 1993 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed and the following data was extracted: Signalement, hospitalisation time, month in which the accident happened, cause of the accident, place of the accident and type of vehicle hitting the horse. Further the different body sites injured (head, neck, breast, fore limb, abdomen, back and spine, pelvis and ileosacral region, hind limb, tail and genital region), the type of injury (wounds, musculoskeletal lesions and internal lesions) and the presence of neurological signs were retrieved from the medical records. 34 horses hit by motorized vehicles and 13 horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported were included in the study. Most of the accidents where horses were hit by motorized vehicles occurred during December (14.7%) and October (14.7%), horses were most commonly hit by cars (85.3%) and the majority of accidents occurred on main roads (26.5%). In 29.4% of the cases, horses had escaped from their paddock and then collided with a motorized vehicle. Most of the accidents with horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported occurred during April (30.8%) and June (23.1%). In 76.9% of the cases the accident happened on a freeway. In the horses hit by motorized vehicles the proximal hind limbs were the body site most commonly affected (44.1%), followed by the proximal front limbs (38.2%) and the head (32.4%). When horses were involved in RTAs whilst being transported the proximal fore limbs (61.5%), the proximal hind limbs (53.8%) and the distal hind limbs, back and head (38.5% each) were the most common injured body sites. Wounds were the most common type of injury in both groups (85.3% hit by motorized vehicle, 76.9% transported ones). In horses hit by a motorized vehicle 35.3% suffered from fractures, in 20.6% a synovial structure was involved and in 5.9% a tendon lesion was present. 14.7% suffered from internal lesions and 14.7% showed neurologic symptoms (40% peripheral, 60% central neurologic deficits). On the other hand, in horses involved in a RTA whilst being transported 30.8% suffered from fractures. There were no synovial structures injured and no tendon injuries were present. Furthermore there were no internal lesions present and only one horse involved in a RTA showed central neurologic symptoms. Injuries of horses being hit by a motorized vehicle were more severe than when horses were protected by a trailer and involved in a RTA whilst being transported. The study has been able to identify the different injury types of traffic accident-related injuries in horses. Awareness of the nature of these injuries is important, to avoid underestimation of their severity. |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6207 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C. J. | ||||
Title | Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages ![]() |
193-208 |
Keywords | Learning; Horse; Equine; Discrimination; Training | ||||
Abstract | Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 405 | ||
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Author | Dowdle, W.R.; Schild, G.C. | ||||
Title | Influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1976 | Publication | Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization | Abbreviated Journal | Bull Pan Am Health Organ |
Volume | 10 | Issue | 3 | Pages ![]() |
193-195 |
Keywords | Animals; *Antigens, Viral; Bird Diseases/microbiology; Birds; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/immunology/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology; Mutation; Neuraminidase/immunology; Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology/*immunology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases/microbiology | ||||
Abstract | Influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. When an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. The mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure from increasing immunity in the human population. The mechanism of antigenic shift is less clear, but one tentative hypothesis is that shifts arise from mammalian or avian reservoirs, or through genetic recombination of human and animal influenza strains. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0085-4638 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:187273 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2700 | ||
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