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Author |
Alexander, R, MCN et al |
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Title |
Fast locomotion of some african ungulates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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Volume |
183 |
Issue |
3 |
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291-300 |
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ABSTRACT
Ten species of ungulate were filmed, galloping in their natural habitat. They ranged in size from Thomson's gazelle (about 20 kg) to giraffe (about 1000 kg). They were pursued to make them run as fast as possible. The films have been analysed to determine speed, stride frequency, stride and step lengths, and duty factors. The dependence of these quantities on body size is discussed.
Summary:
Fast locomotion of zebra, giraffe, warthog and seven species of Bovidae has been studied. The animals were filmed from a pursuing vehicle while galloping in their natural habitat.
Stride frequency was more closely correlated with limb length (represented by hip height) than with body mass. Mean stride frequency was proportional to (hip height)-0·51 and maximum stride frequency to (hip height) -0·63.
Maximum speed was between 10 and 14 m s -1 for all species except buffalo (7 m s -1). It was not significantly correlated with body mass.
Since the small species ran at least as fast as the large ones they attained higher Froude numbers. Relative stride length was approximately 1·8 (Froude number)0·39 for all species, irrespective of size. Relative step length was approximately 0·65 (Froude number)0·2, both for the fore feet and for the hind ones. The vertical forces exerted by the feet are proportional to (body weight)×(Froude number)0·2 so the forces at maximum speed are larger multiples of body weight for small species than for large ones. |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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130 |
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Author |
Doreau M, |
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Title |
Comportement alimentaire du cheval à l`écurie |
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Journal Article |
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1978 |
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Ann Zootech |
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27 |
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291-302 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1021 |
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DOBRORUKA LJ et al, |
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Title |
An analysis of the population of Grevy's zebra |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
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Int Zoo Yb |
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26 |
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290-293 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1018 |
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Antonius O, |
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Title |
Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. IV. Afrikanische Esel |
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1928 |
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Zoologische Garten |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Garten. |
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289-296 |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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649 |
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Author |
Noack T, |
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Title |
Das Quagga |
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Year |
1893 |
Publication |
Zoologische Garten |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Garten. |
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34 |
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289-297 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1422 |
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Author |
Rzasnicki A, |
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Title |
Zur Kenntnis und zur Entdeckungsgeschichte des Grevy – Zebras |
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Year |
1936 |
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Zoologische Garten |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Garten. |
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8 |
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283-291 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1543 |
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Author |
Klimov Vv, |
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Title |
A spatial- ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski's horses in Askania – Nova |
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1985 |
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Zool J |
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64 |
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282-295 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1276 |
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Author |
Zharkikh, T.L.; Andersen, L. |
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Title |
Behaviour of Bachelor Males of the Przewalski Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the Reserve Askania Nova |
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2009 |
Publication |
Der Zoologische Garten |
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Zoologische Garten |
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78 |
Issue |
5-6 |
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282-299 |
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Equid; Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii); Bachelor group; Social behaviour |
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The aim of this study was to investigate social relationships between Przewalski horses at a high density in a bachelor group housed in a 3.5-ha enclosure. The group consisted of 16 males aged 5 to 16. Behavioural data were collected during 18 days, total 216 h. Fifteen minute focal animal sampling was used; each horse was observed three times a day for a total of 45 min. The occurrence of 25 behaviours was recorded, and group spacing behaviour was studied using nearest neighbour recordings. The group divided into four subgroups; this supports earlier findings of bachelor groups (n>=10) dividing into two or more subgroups if they included several males aged >5 years. The total frequency of social interactions was 14.6±1.1 h-1. Although the density of the group in this study was higher than in other zoos, the males interacted agonistically only 3.6 h-1. The most frequently observed social behaviour categories were friendly interactions. This study shows possibilities to use some investigative behaviours (marking, flehmen, olfactory investigation, etc.) as indicators of social status of animals in a group. |
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0044-5169 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5098 |
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Author |
Robert, N.; Walzer, C.; Ruegg, S.R.; Kaczensky, P.; Ganbaatar, O.; Stauffer, C. |
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Title |
Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses (Equus caballus przewalskii) in southwestern Mongolia |
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2005 |
Publication |
Journal of zoo and Wildlife Medicine : Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zoo Wildl Med |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
273-285 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Babesiosis/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; Cause of Death; Conservation of Natural Resources; Disease Susceptibility/veterinary; Environment; Female; Food Chain; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology/pathology; Horses; Male; Mongolia/epidemiology; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology/pathology/*veterinary; *Streptococcus equi; Theileriasis/*epidemiology/pathology; Weather |
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The Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild by the mid 1960s. The species has survived because of captive breeding only. The Takhin Tal reintroduction project is run by the International Takhi Group; it is one of two projects reintroducing horses to the wild in Mongolia. In 1997 the first harem group was released. The first foals were successfully raised in the wild in 1999. Currently, 63 Przewalski's horses live in Takhin Tal. Little information exists on causes of mortality before the implementation of a disease-monitoring program in 1998. Since 1999, all dead horses recovered (n = 28) have been examined and samples collected and submitted for further investigation. Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi, is endemic in Takhin Tal and was identified as the cause of death of four stallions and one stillborn foal. In December 2000, wolf predation was implicated in the loss of several Przewalski's horses. However, thorough clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic investigations performed on dead and surviving horses of this group revealed lesions compatible with strangles. The extreme Mongolian winter of 2000-2001 is thought to have most probably weakened the horses, making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and subsequent wolf predation. Other occasional causes of death since 1999 were trauma, exhaustion, wasting, urolithiasis, pneumonia, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathologic examination of the Przewalski's horses did not result in a definitive diagnosis in each case. Several disease factors were found to be important in the initial phase of the reintroduction, which could potentially jeopardize the establishment of a self-sustaining population. |
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Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Langgass-Strasse 122, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland |
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1042-7260 |
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PMID:17323569 |
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2023 |
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Author |
Bennett Dk, |
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Title |
Stripes do not a zebra make, Part I: A cladistic analysis of Equus |
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1980 |
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Systematic Zoology |
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Syst Zool |
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29 |
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2 |
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272-287 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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932 |
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