Records |
Author |
Brosnan, S.F.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
Title |
Responses to a simple barter task in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
46 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
173-182 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Choice Behavior/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Learning/*physiology; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Reward; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; *Token Economy |
Abstract |
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) frequently participate in social exchange involving multiple goods and services of variable value, yet they have not been tested in a formalized situation to see whether they can barter using multiple tokens and rewards. We set up a simple barter economy with two tokens and two associated rewards and tested chimpanzees on their ability to obtain rewards by returning the matching token in situations in which their access to tokens was unlimited or limited. Chimpanzees easily learned to associate value with the tokens, as expected, and did barter, but followed a simple strategy of favoring the higher-value token, regardless of the reward proffered, instead of a more complex but more effective strategy of returning the token that matched the reward. This response is similar to that shown by capuchin monkeys in our previous study. We speculate that this response, while not ideal, may be sufficient to allow for stability of the social exchange system in these primates, and that the importance of social barter to both species may have led to this convergence of strategies. |
Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu |
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0032-8332 |
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PMID:15824938 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
167 |
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Author |
Levin, L.E.; Grillet, M.E. |
Title |
[Diversified leadership: a social solution of problems in schools of fish] |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Acta Cientifica Venezolana |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Cient Venez |
Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
175-180 |
Keywords |
Animals; Fishes; *Leadership; Reversal Learning/*physiology; *Social Behavior |
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Language |
Spanish |
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Original Title |
Liderazgo diversificado: una solucion social de problemas en el cardumen |
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ISSN |
0001-5504 |
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Notes |
PMID:3251383 |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
2045 |
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Author |
Dzieweczynski, T.L.; Eklund, A.C.; Rowland, W.J. |
Title |
Male 11-ketotestosterone levels change as a result of being watched in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
General and comparative endocrinology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Gen Comp Endocrinol |
Volume |
147 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
184-189 |
Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Female; Fishes/*blood; Male; Nesting Behavior; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Testosterone/*analogs & derivatives/blood |
Abstract |
This study investigated the effects of nesting status and the presence of an audience on 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Prior studies have demonstrated that both nesting status, an indicator of territory-holding power and reproductive state, and the sex of a conspecific audience lead to differences in male behavior during aggressive encounters. Since behavioral changes have already been demonstrated, we chose to investigate whether 11KT levels were also influenced by nesting status and audience presence as 11KT both stimulates, and is stimulated by, reproductive and aggressive behaviors in male teleosts. Male 11KT levels were measured from water samples taken from containers holding fish both before and after interaction. Males interacted under three treatment conditions: no audience, female audience, and male audience. Within these treatments were two nest paradigms: both males had nests or neither male had a nest. 11KT levels varied depending on nesting status and audience type. In general, 11KT levels were lower in interacting males when a female audience was present or when males had nests. Overall, 11KT showed increases or decreases as aggression increased or decreased, as shown by already established behavioral findings [see Dzieweczynski T.L., Green T.M., Earley R.L., Rowland W.J., 2005. Audience effect is context dependent in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Behav. Ecol. 16, 1025-1030; Doutrelant, C., McGregor, P.K., Oliveira, R.F., 2001. Effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Behav. Ecol. 12, 283-286.]. Our results suggest that 11KT levels are influenced by reproductive status, as indicated by nest ownership, and audience presence and are most likely modulated by territorial behavior and social environment. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA. tdzieweczynski@une.edu |
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ISSN |
0016-6480 |
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Notes |
PMID:16473353 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
502 |
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Author |
Whiten, A. |
Title |
Social complexity and social intelligence |
Type |
Conference Article |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Novartis Foundation Symposium |
Abbreviated Journal |
Novartis Found Symp |
Volume |
233 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
185-96; discussion 196-201 |
Keywords |
Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; *Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems |
Abstract |
When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation. |
Address |
School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK |
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English |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1528-2511 |
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Notes |
PMID:11276903 |
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no |
Call Number |
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Serial |
2084 |
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Author |
Gruter, C.C. |
Title |
Conflict and postconflict behaviour in captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
197-200 |
Keywords |
Aggression/psychology; Animals; Animals, Zoo/*psychology; Colobinae/*psychology; *Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Observation; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) have almost never been the subject of any behavioural observations in captivity. This study was aimed at providing preliminary information about agonistic and reconciliation behaviour in a group kept at the Kunming Institute of Zoology in China. Established procedures were used for this investigation (i.e., the postconflict/matched-control method and the time-rule method). Intra-group aggression rates were quite low. Postconflict affiliation as well as selective attraction of former opponents to each other following conflicts was demonstrated. Former opponents contacted each other earlier in postconflict periods than in matched-control periods. The average conciliatory tendency of all focal individuals combined was 54.5%. After an agonistic interaction, the first affiliative contact between former aggressors usually took place within the first minute. The behaviours most often shown as first affiliations after a conflict were body contact, mount, touch, and “hold-lumbar”, of which the latter is an explicit reconciliatory gesture. Furthermore, the adult male intervened non-aggressively in 84% of all conflicts (n=25) among the adult females. Overall, the patterns of aggression and reconciliation observed in R. bieti bear many of the traits that characterise tolerant primate species. |
Address |
Anthropologisches Institut und Museum, Universitat Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. ccgrueter@bluewin.ch |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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Notes |
PMID:15042414 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2884 |
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Author |
Manson, J.H.; Perry, S.; Stahl, D. |
Title |
Reconciliation in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
65 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
205-219 |
Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; Female; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Time Factors |
Abstract |
The likelihood of reconciliation (defined as preferential peaceful contact among former opponents following conflicts) has been predicted to vary positively with relationship value and compatibility, and negatively with relationship security. Long-term data on wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) indicate that dyads consisting of an adult female and an alpha male have high value and compatibility, but low security. Two studies of C. capucinus postconflict (PC) behavior were carried out at Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. One study consisted of 30-min PC and matched control (MC) follows. The second study extracted PC and MC periods from long follows, yielding PC/MC periods averaging 105 min. In study 2, but not study 1, significantly more PC/MC pairs were attracted (former opponents affiliated with each other sooner in the PC period than in the MC period) than were dispersed (former opponents affiliated with each other sooner in the MC period than in the PC period). Reconciliation in study 2 could not be explained as a by-product of former opponents' tendency to seek affiliative contact with conspecifics generally, or of the spatial proximity of opponents following conflicts. Attempted reconciliation was less likely to be followed by renewed aggression when reconciliation attempts were delayed following conflicts. The data were insufficient for a formal test of differences in conciliatory tendency (the difference between the number of attracted and dispersed PC/MC pairs, divided by the total number of pairs) among dyad types to be conducted. |
Address |
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. manson@eva.mpg.de |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:15772989 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2874 |
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Author |
Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. |
Title |
Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
205-224 |
Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. |
Address |
Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1053-8100 |
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PMID:8521259 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4164 |
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Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
Title |
Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Rev. |
Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
207-231 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Social Behavior |
Abstract |
There has been relatively little research on the psychological mechanisms of social learning. This may be due, in part, to the practice of distinguishing categories of social learning in relation to ill-defined mechanisms (Davis, 1973; Galef, 1988). This practice both makes it difficult to identify empirically examples of different types of social learning, and gives the false impression that the mechanisms responsible for social learning are clearly understood. It has been proposed that social learning phenomena be subsumed within the categorization scheme currently used by investigators of asocial learning. This scheme distinguishes categories of learning according to observable conditions, namely, the type of experience that gives rise to a change in an animal (single stimulus vs. stimulus-stimulus relationship vs. response-reinforcer relationship), and the type of behaviour in which this change is detected (response evocation vs. learnability) (Rescorla, 1988). Specifically, three alignments have been proposed: (i) stimulus enhancement with single stimulus learning, (ii) observational conditioning with stimulus-stimulus learning, or Pavlovian conditioning, and (iii) observational learning with response-reinforcer learning, or instrumental conditioning. If, as the proposed alignments suggest, the conditions of social and asocial learning are the same, there is some reason to believe that the mechanisms underlying the two sets of phenomena are also the same. This is so if one makes the relatively uncontroversial assumption that phenomena which occur under similar conditions tend to be controlled by similar mechanisms. However, the proposed alignments are intended to be a set of hypotheses, rather than conclusions, about the mechanisms of social learning; as a basis for further research in which animal learning theory is applied to social learning. A concerted attempt to apply animal learning theory to social learning, to find out whether the same mechanisms are responsible for social and asocial learning, could lead both to refinements of the general theory, and to a better understanding of the mechanisms of social learning. There are precedents for these positive developments in research applying animal learning theory to food aversion learning (e.g. Domjan, 1983; Rozin & Schull, 1988) and imprinting (e.g. Bolhuis, de Vox & Kruit, 1990; Hollis, ten Cate & Bateson, 1991). Like social learning, these phenomena almost certainly play distinctive roles in the antogeny of adaptive behaviour, and they are customarily regarded as 'special kinds' of learning (Shettleworth, 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University College London |
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English |
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ISSN |
1464-7931 |
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Notes |
PMID:8054445 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
708 |
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Author |
Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M. |
Title |
Both social and ecological factors predict ungulate brain size |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
Volume |
273 |
Issue |
1583 |
Pages |
207-215 |
Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology; *Ecosystem; Organ Size; Perissodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Social Behavior |
Abstract |
Among mammals, the members of some Orders have relatively large brains. Alternative explanations for this have emphasized either social or ecological selection pressures favouring greater information-processing capacities, including large group size, greater foraging efficiency, higher innovation rates, better invasion success and complex problem solving. However, the focal taxa for these analyses (primates, carnivores and birds) often show both varied ecological competence and social complexity. Here, we focus on the specific relationship between social complexity and brain size in ungulates, a group with relatively simple patterns of resource use, but extremely varied social behaviours. The statistical approach we used, phylogenetic generalized least squares, showed that relative brain size was independently associated with sociality and social complexity as well as with habitat use, while relative neocortex size is associated with social but not ecological factors. A simple index of sociality was a better predictor of both total brain and neocortex size than group size, which may indicate that the cognitive demands of sociality depend on the nature of social relationships as well as the total number of individuals in a group. |
Address |
School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. susanne.shultz@liv.ac.uk |
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ISSN |
0962-8452 |
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PMID:16555789 |
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no |
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Serial |
2098 |
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Author |
Cooper, M.A.; Bernstein, I.S. |
Title |
Counter aggression and reconciliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
56 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
215-230 |
Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca; Male; Phylogeny; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
Abstract |
Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik's [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male-female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. biomcc@langate.gsu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:11948638 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2877 |
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