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	Author	Gallagher, M.; Rapp, P.R.
	Title	The Use Of Animal Models To Study The Effects Of Aging On Cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Annual Review of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	48	Issue	1	Pages	339-370
	Keywords
	Abstract	This review addresses the importance of animal models for understanding the effects of normal aging on the brain and cognitive functions. First, studies of laboratory animals can help to distinguish between healthy aging and pathological conditions that may contribute to cognitive decline late in life. Second, research on individual differences in aging, a theme of interest in studies of elderly human beings, can be advanced by the experimental control afforded in the use of animal models. The review offers a neuropsychological framework to compare the effects of aging in human beings, monkeys, and rodents. We consider aging in relation to the role of the medial temporal lobe in memory, the information processing functions of the prefrontal cortex in the strategic use of memory, and the regulation of attention by distributed neural circuitry. We also provide an overview of the neurobiological effects of aging that may account for alterations in psychological functions.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2971
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	Author	de Wall, F.B.; Aureli, F.
	Title	Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	807	Issue		Pages	317-328
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Arousal; Conflict (Psychology); Empathy; Haplorhini/psychology; Hominidae/psychology; Humans; Learning; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior; Stress, Psychological
	Abstract	Research on nonhuman primates has produced compelling evidence for reconciliation and consolation, that is, postconflict contacts that serve to respectively repair social relationships and reassure distressed individuals, such as victims of attack. This has led to a view of conflict and conflict resolution as an integrated part of social relationships, hence determined by social factors and modifiable by the social environment. Implications of this new model of social conflict are discussed along with evidence for behavioral flexibility, the value of cooperation, and the possibility that distress alleviation rests on empathy, a capacity that may be present in chimpanzees and humans but not in most other animals.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9071360			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2882
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	Author	Slabbert, J.M.; Rasa, O.A.E.
	Title	Observational learning of an acquired maternal behaviour pattern by working dog pups: an alternative training method?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	53	Issue	4	Pages	309-316
	Keywords	Dog; Learning; Parental behaviour; Narcotics
	Abstract	German shepherd pups from untrained bitches and bitches trained in the location of narcotics were either separated from their mothers at 6 weeks (standard raised) or at 3 months of age (extended maternal care). Pups with extended maternal care which were allowed to observe their trained mothers locating and retrieving a sachet of odour-producing narcotic between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks performed the same task significantly better than non-exposed pups when tested at the age of 6 months, without further reinforcement during the interim period. This difference in performance was independent of the duration of maternal care or maternal origin of the pups and was attributed to differences in early experience acquired through observational learning.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5225
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	Author	Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C.
	Title	The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	41	Issue	5	Pages	291-309
	Keywords	ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory
	Abstract	Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained ierences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally aect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in dierent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the eects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5227
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	Author	Hauser MD
	Title	Artifactual kinds and functional design features: what a primate understands without language			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Cognition	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	64	Issue		Pages	285
	Keywords
	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3064
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	Author	Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y.
	Title	Behavioral patterns and proximate reason of young male separation in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	54	Issue	4	Pages	281-289
	Keywords	Misaki feral horse; Horse maternal-filial bond; Social behavior; Separation season; Separation reason
	Abstract	The present investigation was undertaken to study the proximate reasons why and the behavioral patterns of young male Misaki feral horses when they left their natal band or mothers. We observed a total of ten young males twice a month from January 1988 to December 1995. Almost all young males left their natal band or mothers at between 1 and 4 years of age. We found that, during the separation process, all the young males from first parity dams returned several times after the initial separation, indicating a strong attachment between primiparous mares and their male offspring. The other five separated only once without rejoining. Our observations showed five variable behavior patterns of young males at separation time, depending on the consort relation between their mothers and harem stallion and the reason for separation at that time. Eight young males separated in the non-breeding season at average 2.1 years and the other two separated in the breeding season at average 3 years and the average difference was not significant. These results revealed that 80% of the young males separated voluntarily when the natural resources become poor whereas 20% separated when their siblings were born.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2209
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	Author	Bekoff M.
	Title	Deep Ethology, Animal Rights, and the Great Ape/Animal Project: Resisting Speciesism and Expanding the Community of Equals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	269-296
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3470
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	Author	Flannery, B.
	Title	Relational discrimination learning in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	54	Issue	4	Pages	267-280
	Keywords	Horses; Shaping; Complex discrimination; Concept formation; Generalization ability; Training
	Abstract	This series of studies investigated horses' ability to learn the concept of sameness under several different conditions. Before experimentation began, three horses were shaped to touch individually presented stimuli with their muzzles, and then to make two responses to two matching cards from an array of three. A modified version of the identity matching-to-sample (IMTS) procedure was used to present stimuli in a variety of configural arrangements on a barn wall (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and on a flat panel mounted to a barn door (Experiment 3). The task in each experiment was to select the two stimulus cards that were the same (either circles or Xs) and to avoid the nonmatching stimulus card (either a star or a square). In Experiment 1, the mean accuracy rate for selecting the matching alternatives was 74%. The horses' accuracy levels reached a mean level of 83% during Experiment 2, in which they received additional trials and an intermittent secondary reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 3, when the stimuli were moved further apart from each other within arrangements and were presented on a novel background, the mean accuracy rate was 73%. These data demonstrate that horses can learn complex discrimination problems involving the concept of sameness, and that they are able to generalize this learning to a novel stimulus presentation situation. These results also suggest that a relational discrimination test may be useful for assessing horses' learning ability and the level of training appropriate for individual horses.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3557
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	Author	Kaseda, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Khalil, A.M.
	Title	Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	262-266
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Misaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979-1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty-three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations.
	Address	Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki-shi, 889-21, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:15338905			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4630
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	Author	Delacour, J.
	Title	Object Perception and Recognition: A Model for the Scientific Study of Consciousness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Theory Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	257-262
	Keywords
	Abstract	The main obstacles to the scientific study of consciousness are its subjectivity and its complexity. Object perception and recognition (OPR) can be a useful model in such a study because there is a remarkable agreement between the subjective and objective aspects of OPR; in addition, while OPR is somewhat simpler than other forms of cognition, it adequately represents one characteristic feature of consciousness: intentionality. It thus allows convergent studies of experimental psychology, artificial intelligence and biology, in both humans and animals. Recent advances in the neurophysiology of visual OPR in subhuman primates and its brain imaging in humans provide a vital thread to the neural basis of consciousness, especially of its integrative, unifying character.
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	Notes	10.1177/0959354397072007			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2967
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