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Author |
Sato, S. |
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Title |
Leadership during actual grazing in a small herd of cattle |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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8 |
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1-2 |
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53-65 |
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An understanding of patterns of leadership during grazing movements is important where the management of grazing cattle is concerned. This paper describes the leadership displayed by grazing cattle by recording the spatial relationship (grazing style) among herd members as the group progressed slowly through a field. Grazing style was divided into “A”, “B” and “C”, meaning following, independence and leading, respectively. The results revealed the following features: (1) the frequency distributions of grazing style and grazing formation used by the herd varied with the seasons; (2) the individual animal variation in grazing style did not fundamentally change with the seasons; (3) there was negative linear correlation between Styles A and C and between Styles A and B. The more any cow followed the grazing movement, the less likely it was to lead the grazing movement or to be independent. Styles C and B tended to be positively related; (4) high, medium and low ranking animals in social dominance showed tendencies to behave in Styles C, A and B, respectively; (5) grazing style and weight gain were not clearly related; (6) the cows that tended to lead, be independent or follow less, tended to get out of their paddocks. The observations suggested (1) that the leader-follower-independent relationship, although modified in each season, did not vary fundamentally, (2) that the active movement of high ranking animals and the independent movement of low ranking animals governed the voluntary formation in grazing, and (3) that as grazing cattle that behaved in a single group and did not escape from their paddock were much easier to manage, the grazing style that expressed these characteristics was one of the significant indices for management of grazing cattle. |
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2038 |
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Author |
Ohsawa, H. |
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Title |
Transfer of group members in plains zebra (Equus burchelli) in relation to social organization. |
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Year |
1982 |
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African Study Monographs |
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2 |
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53-71 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3554 |
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Author |
Nishida T; Hiraiwa M |
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Title |
Natural history of tool-using behavior by wild chimpanzees in feeding upon wood-boring ants |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
J. Hum. Evol. |
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11 |
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73 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3022 |
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Author |
Eisenmann V, K.A. |
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Title |
Analyses multidemensionelles de métapodes d'Equus sensu lato |
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Year |
1982 |
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Bull Mus natn Hist nat |
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4 |
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75-103 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1062 |
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Author |
Turner, J.W.J.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Title |
Androgens, behaviour and fertility control in feral stallions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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32 |
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79-87 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Copulation/drug effects; Female; *Fertility/drug effects; Horses/*physiology; Male; Periodicity; Pregnancy; Seasons; *Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Sexual Maturation; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility/drug effects; Testosterone/*blood/pharmacology |
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This field study of feral stallions in Montana and Idaho examines and correlates the seasonal pattern of plasma androgens and specific sociosexual behaviour and reports the effect of a long-acting androgenic steroid on this behaviour and on fertility. Plasma testosterone was measured by competitive protein binding assay in samples obtained by jugular venepuncture from captured animals. In samples taken from 34 sexually mature stallions in 6 different months during the year, a definite seasonal pattern in testosterone was present, with a peak in May (3.04 +/- 0.63 ng/ml) and a nadir in December (1.55 +/- 0.34 ng/ml). Values were less than 2.0 ng/ml in non-breeding months and greater than 2.4 ng/ml in breeding months. Behavioural endpoints measured were (1) stallion scent marking in response to elimination by mares (elimination marking), (2) mounting and (3) copulation. The frequencies of each of these endpoints followed closely the seasonal pattern seen for plasma androgens. In the fertility study microcapsulated testosterone propionate (microTP) was administered i.m. to 10 harem stud stallions 3 months before the 1980 breeding season. In these stallions and in 10 control harem studs, the above behavioural endpoints were examined in the 1980 and 1981 breeding seasons, and foal counts were made in 1981. There were no direct inhibitory or stimulatory effects of microTP treatment on any of the behavioural endpoints in either year. In 1981 foals were produced in 87.5% of the control bands and 28.4% of the microTP-treated bands. These results indicate that microencapsulated testosterone propionate can provide effective fertility control in feral horses without causing significant alterations in sociosexual behaviour. |
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0449-3087 |
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Notes |
PMID:6962905 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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138 |
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Author |
Penzhorn Bl, |
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Title |
Soil- eating by Cape Mountain Zebras in the mountain zebra nationl park |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
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Koedoe |
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25 |
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83-88 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1454 |
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Author |
Penzhorn Bl, |
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Title |
Age determination in the Cape Mountain Zebras in the mountain zebra natinoal park |
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Journal Article |
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1982 |
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Koedoe |
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25 |
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89-102 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1451 |
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Author |
Klingel, H. |
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Title |
Social organization of feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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32 |
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89-95 |
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Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Territoriality |
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The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature. |
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0449-3087 |
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PMID:6962906 |
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1958 |
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Author |
Davidson, D., |
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Title |
Rational Animals |
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1982 |
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reprinted in Davidson (2001); Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective |
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95-105 |
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Oxford University Press |
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Oxford |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4791 |
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Author |
Penzhorn Bl, |
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Title |
Home range sizes of Cape Mountain Zebras in the mountain zebra national park |
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Journal Article |
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1982 |
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Koedoe |
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25 |
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103-108 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1453 |
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