Records |
Author |
Dugatkin, L.A. |
Title |
Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
51 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
455-457 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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487 |
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Author |
Kurvers, R.H.J.M.; Eijkelenkamp, B.; van Oers, K.; van Lith, B.; van Wieren, S.E.; Ydenberg, R.C.; Prins, H.H.T. |
Title |
Personality differences explain leadership in barnacle geese |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
78 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
447-453 |
Keywords |
barnacle goose; boldness; Branta leucopsis; group behaviour; leadership; personality |
Abstract |
Personality in animal behaviour describes the observation that behavioural differences between individuals are consistent over time and context. Studies of group-living animals show that movement order among individuals is also consistent over time and context, suggesting that some individuals lead and others follow. However, the relationship between leadership and personality traits is poorly studied. We measured several personality traits and leadership of individual barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis. We measured body size and scored the dominance of individuals living in a stable group situation before subjecting them to an open-field test, an activity test, a novel-object test, and a leadership test in which the order of the movement of individuals in pairs towards a feeding patch was scored. We found high repeatability for activity and novel-object scores over time. Leadership was strongly correlated with novel-object score but not with dominance rank, activity or exploration in an open field. These results provide evidence that leadership is closely related to some aspects of personality. Interestingly, an individual's arrival at the food patch was affected not only by the novel-object score of the focal individual, but also by the novel-object score of the companion individual, indicating that movement patterns of individuals living in groups are affected by the personality traits of other group members and suggesting that movement patterns of a group may be shaped by the mix of personality types present in the group. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5172 |
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Author |
Caraco, T.; Kacelnik, A.; Mesnick, N.; Smulewitz, M. |
Title |
Short-term rate maximization when rewards and delays covary |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
44 |
Issue |
Part 3 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
441-447 |
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Abstract |
In nature foragers must exploit resources that vary randomly in both the energy acquired per item (reward) and the time required to pursue, capture and process an item (delay). Furthermore, rewards and delays associated with particular resources may often covary significantly. An analytical model asks how variance-covariance levels for rewards and delays could influence choice of resources when lack of information or cognitive limitation implies that a consumer attempts to maximize its short-term rate of energy gain. Both greater expected reward and reduced expected delay clearly should enhance preference for a resource. The model predicts that increased delay variance and reduced reward-delay covariance should increase a forager's preference for a resource. A forager should be risk-averse towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is positive, but should become risk-prone towards reward variance when the reward-delay covariance is negative. |
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2113 |
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Author |
Newton-Fisher, N.E.; Lee, P.C. |
Title |
Grooming reciprocity in wild male chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
81 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
439-446 |
Keywords |
altruism; biological market theory; Budongo; chimpanzee; grooming; Pan troglodytes |
Abstract |
Understanding cooperation between unrelated individuals remains a central problem in animal behaviour; evolutionary mechanisms are debated, and the importance of reciprocity has been questioned. Biological market theory makes specific predictions about the occurrence of reciprocity in social groups; applied to the social grooming of mammals, it predicts reciprocity in the absence of other benefits for which grooming can be exchanged. Considerable effort has been made to test this grooming trade model in nonhuman primates; such studies show mixed results, but may be confounded by kin effects. We examined patterns of reciprocity within and across bouts, and tested predictions of the grooming trade model, among wild male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes: a system with negligible kin effects. In accord with the model's expectations, we found that some grooming was directed by lower- to higher-ranked individuals, and that, on average, higher-ranked individuals groomed more reciprocally. We found no support, however, for a prediction that more reciprocity should occur between individuals close in rank. For most dyads, reciprocity of effort occurred through unbalanced participation in grooming bouts, but reciprocity varied considerably between dyads and only a small proportion showed strongly reciprocal grooming. Despite this, each male had at least one reciprocal grooming relationship. In bouts where both individuals groomed, effort was matched through mutual grooming, not alternating roles. Our results provide mixed support for the current grooming trade, biological market model, and suggest that it needs to incorporate risks of currency inflation and cheating for species where reciprocity can be achieved through repeated dyadic interactions. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5329 |
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Author |
Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. |
Title |
Accuracy of memory for amount in the foraging starling,Sturnus vulgaris |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
50 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
431-443 |
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Abstract |
Attempts to include psychological constraints in models of foraging behaviour differ in their assumptions concerning the accuracy of estimation of environmental parameters. Psychologists model estimation error as increasing linearly with the magnitude of a stimulus (Weber's Law), whereas behavioural ecologists either ignore error or assume it to be independent of stimulus magnitude. Studies on the estimation of time intervals have confirmed Weber's Law, but there are few data on the accuracy of estimation of amounts of food. Since the currency of most foraging models is the amount of food acquired per unit of time spent foraging, information on estimation of amount is required. Here, a titration method was used in which starlings chose between two cues. One colour signalled a standard food reward, and the other a reward that adjusted in magnitude according to the birds' choices: it increased when the standard was preferred and decreased when the adjusting option was preferred. There were two standards of 3 and 9 units of food, each of which was delivered at two rates to control for possible effects of rate of reinforcement on discrimination. The observed value of the adjusting option oscillated around a mean value slightly larger than that of the standard. The amplitude and period of these oscillations were larger when the standard was larger, independent of the rate of reinforcement. Also, molecular analysis showed that the probability of choosing the currently larger alternative increased as the relative difference between the adjusting option and standard increased. These results are consistent with Weber's Law applying to starlings' memories for amounts of food. |
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2110 |
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Author |
Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
Title |
A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
52 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
423-425 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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475 |
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Author |
Vervaecke, H.; Vries, H.D.; Elsacker, L.V. |
Title |
An Experimental Evaluation Of The Consistency Of Competitive Ability And Agonistic Dominance In Different Social Contexts In Captive Bonobos |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
Volume |
136 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
423-442 |
Keywords |
BONOBO PAN PANISCUS; RANK ORDERS; FEEDING SCORES; AGONISTIC RANKS; PEERING |
Abstract |
Bonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2195 |
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Author |
Murphy, L.B. |
Title |
The practical problems of recognizing and measuring fear and exploration behaviour in the domestic fowl |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
26, Part 2 |
Issue |
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422-431 |
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In studying behaviour supposedly motivated by fear or by exploration, consideration should be given to the biological functions of these two systems and to the ways in which the experimental environment may affect the performance of ‘natural’ responses. Extreme caution is needed in comparing the effectiveness of different stimuli and the amounts of fear or exploration represented by different responses. In particular, it should never be assumed when making such comparisons that the relative intensities of different stimuli and responses are constant. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5640 |
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Author |
Altmann, S.A.; Altmann, J. |
Title |
The transformation of behaviour field studies |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
65 |
Issue |
3 |
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413-423 |
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As areas of science mature, they pass through three, broadly overlapping stages of development, characterized respectively by description, explanation and synthesis. Field research on animal behaviour is making the transition from an area with a preponderance of purely descriptive studies to one that also includes the development and testing of verifiable hypotheses about the structure, causes and consequences of behaviour. We survey several reasons for this transformation of behaviour field studies and some of the major trends that characterize it, including: (1) patterns discerned in our cumulative knowledge of natural history; (2) increased support for behaviour field studies; (3) interfaces with related areas of science; (4) the development of observational sampling methods and other aspects of data sampling and analysis; (5) the development of models of behaviour's adaptive functions and life-history consequences; (6) long-term field sites that make possible complete life histories, increased attention to individual differences and intergenerational studies of behaviour; and (7) the development of techniques for remote tracking of animals and for noninvasive, hands-off sampling of a range of behavioural, physiological, genetic and environmental phenomena. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. |
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1800 |
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Author |
Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
Title |
Reconciliatory grunts by dominant female baboons influence victims' behaviour |
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Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
54 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages ![sorted by First Page field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
409-418 |
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Following aggressive interactions, dominant female baboons, Papio cynocephalus ursinusoccasionally grunt to their victims. To examine the effect of these apparently reconciliatory grunts on victims' subsequent behaviour, a series of playback experiments was designed to mimic reconciliation. Victims were played their opponents' grunts in the minutes immediately following a fight and then observed for half an hour. After hearing these grunts, victims approached their former opponents and also tolerated their opponents' approaches at significantly higher rates than they did under control conditions. They were also supplanted by their opponents at significantly lower rates. By contrast, playbacks of control females' grunts did not influence victims' behaviour. Playbacks of reconciliatory grunts did not increase the rate at which opponents approached or initiated friendly interactions with their former victims. Playbacks of reconciliatory grunts, therefore, appeared to influence victims', but not opponents', perception of recent events. |
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Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania |
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English |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:9268473 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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347 |
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