| Records |
| Author |
Dowdle, W.R.; Schild, G.C. |
| Title |
Influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Pan Am Health Organ |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages  |
193-195 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Antigens, Viral; Bird Diseases/microbiology; Birds; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/immunology/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology; Mutation; Neuraminidase/immunology; Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology/*immunology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases/microbiology |
| Abstract |
Influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. When an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. The mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure from increasing immunity in the human population. The mechanism of antigenic shift is less clear, but one tentative hypothesis is that shifts arise from mammalian or avian reservoirs, or through genetic recombination of human and animal influenza strains. |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0085-4638 |
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| Notes |
PMID:187273 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2700 |
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| Author |
Schoen Ams, |
| Title |
Behaviour of young shetland welsh ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Behav |
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
192-216 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1576 |
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| Author |
SCHOEN AMS et al, |
| Title |
Behavior of young shetland and welsh ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Behav |
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
192-216 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1577 |
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| Author |
Hagen H, |
| Title |
Verhalten beim Steppenzebra |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Die Welt der Tiere |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
170-172 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1157 |
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| Author |
Smith, J.M.; Parker, G.A. |
| Title |
The logic of asymmetric contests |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
159-175 |
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| Abstract |
A theoretical analysis is made of the evolution of behavioural strategies in contest situations. It is assumed that behaviour will evolve so as to maximize individual fitness. If so, a population will evolve an [`]evolutionarily stable strategy', or ESS, which can be defined as a strategy such that, if all members of a population adopt it, no [`]mutant' strategy can do better. A number of simple models of contest situations are analysed from this point of view. It is concluded that in [`]symmetric' contests the ESS is likely to be a [`]mixed' strategy; that is, either the population will be genetically polymorphic or individuals will be behaviourally variable. Most real contests are probably asymmetric, either in pay-off to the contestants, or in size or weapons, or in some [`]uncorrelated' fashion; i.e. in a fashion which does not substantially bias either the pay-offs or the likely outcome of an escalated contest. An example of an uncorrelated asymmetry is that between the [`]discoverer' of a resource and a [`]late-comer'. It is shown that the ESS in asymmetric contests will usually be to permit the asymmetric cue to settle the contest without escalation. Escalated contests will, however, occur if information to the contestants about the asymmetry is imperfect. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5103 |
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| Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
| Title |
A study on eliminative and grazing behaviour – the use of the field by captive horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
147-149 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1428 |
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| Author |
Joubert, E.; Louw, G.N. |
| Title |
Preliminary observations on the digestive and renal efficiency of Hartmann's zebra Equus zebra hartmannae. |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Madoqua |
Abbreviated Journal |
Madoqua |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
119-121 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2306 |
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| Author |
Smuts Gl, |
| Title |
Population characteristics of Burchell's Zebra in the Krüger National Park |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
S Afr J Wildl Res |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
99-112 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1614 |
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| Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Vail, R.; Devous, S.; Schwend, S.; Baker, C.B.; Wiesner, L. |
| Title |
Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone in wild stallions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Biology of reproduction |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Reprod |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
98-101 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Circadian Rhythm; Horses/*blood; Male; Montana; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Species Specificity; Testosterone/*blood |
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English |
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Edition |
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0006-3363 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:986195 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
149 |
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| Author |
Keiper Rr, |
| Title |
Interactions between cattle egrets and feral ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Pennsyl Acad |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
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Pages |
89-90 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1249 |
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