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| Author | Boysen, S.T.; Berntson, G.G. | ||||
| Title | Responses to quantity: perceptual versus cognitive mechanisms in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 1 | Pages  |
82-86 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Cognition/*physiology; Female; *Pan troglodytes; Perception/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | Two chimpanzees were trained to select among 2 different amounts of candy (1-6 items). The task was designed so that selection of either array by the active (selector) chimpanzee resulted in that array being given to the passive (observer) animal, with the remaining (nonselected) array going to the selector. Neither animal was able to select consistently the smaller array, which would reap the larger reward. Rather, both animals preferentially selected the larger array, thereby receiving the smaller number of reinforcers. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the food arrays, however, the selector animal evidenced more optimal performance, immediately selecting the smaller numeral and thus receiving the larger reward. These findings suggest that a basic predisposition to respond to the perceptual-motivational features of incentive stimuli can interfere with task performance and that this interference can be overridden when abstract symbols serve as choice stimuli. | ||||
| Address | Comparative Cognition Project, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7844508 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2783 | ||
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| Author | Schwartz, B.L.; Colon, M.R.; Sanchez, I.C.; Rodriguez, I.A.; Evans, S. | ||||
| Title | Single-trial learning of “what” and “who” information in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): implications for episodic memory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages |
85-90 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; *Learning; Male; *Memory; Perception; Reinforcement Schedule | ||||
| Abstract | Single-trial learning and long-term memory of “what” and “who” information were examined in an adult gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). We presented the gorilla with a to-be-remembered food item at the time of study. In Experiment 1, following a retention interval of either approximately 7 min or 24 h, the gorilla responded with one of five cards, each corresponding to a particular food. The gorilla was accurate on 70% of the short retention-interval trials and on 82% of the long retention-interval trials. In Experiment 2, the food stimulus was provided by one of two experimenters, each of whom was represented by a card. The gorilla identified the food (55% of the time) and the experimenter (82% of the time) on the short retention-interval trials. On the long retention-interval trials, the gorilla was accurate for the food (73%) and for the person (87%). The results are interpreted in light of theories of episodic memory. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA. schwartb@fiu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12150040 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2604 | ||
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| Author | Byrne, T.; Sutphin, G.; Poling, A. | ||||
| Title | Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of responding with delayed and immediate reinforcement | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 1 | Pages |
97-101 |
| Keywords | Acquisition; Delayed reinforcement; Extinction; Rats | ||||
| Abstract | The present study investigated acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of free-operant responding when rats' lever presses produced water after a resetting delay of 0, 10, 20, or 30 s. Results indicated that: (1) responding was acquired rapidly at all delays without shaping or autoshaping; (2) resistance to extinction was directly related to delay length and inversely related to intermittency of reinforcement; (3) responding acquired with delayed reinforcement recovered less rapidly from extinction, and was less efficient, than responding acquired with immediate reinforcement. Comparing these results with those of studies using discrete-trials and free-operant procedures with no reinforcement delay suggest that the specific conditions under which behavior is maintained determines, in part, the behavioral effects of delay and intermittency of reinforcement. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3601 | ||
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| Author | Clement, T.S.; Feltus, J.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | “Work ethic” in pigeons: reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages |
100-106 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reward; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Stimuli associated with less effort or with shorter delays to reinforcement are generally preferred over those associated with greater effort or longer delays to reinforcement. However, the opposite appears to be true of stimuli that follow greater effort or longer delays. In training, a simple simultaneous discrimination followed a single peck to an initial stimulus (S+FR1 S-FR1) and a different simple simultaneous discrimination followed 20 pecks to the initial stimulus (S+FR20 S-FR20). On test trials, pigeons preferred S+FR20 over S+FR1 and S-FR20 over S-FR1. These data support the view that the state of the animal immediately prior to presentation of the discrimination affects the value of the reinforcement that follows it. This contrast effect is analogous to effects that when they occur in humans have been attributed to more complex cognitive and social factors. | ||||
| Address | University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:10780022 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 248 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S. | ||||
| Title | Memory mechanisms in pigeons: evidence of base-rate neglect | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 1 | Pages |
111-115 |
| Keywords | Animals; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory/*physiology; Random Allocation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | In delayed matching to sample, once acquired, pigeons presumably choose comparisons according to their memory for (the strength of) the sample. When memory for the sample is sufficiently weak, comparison choice should depend on the history of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli. In the present research, pigeons acquired two matching tasks in which Sample S1 was associated with one comparison from each task, C1 and C3, whereas Sample S2 was associated with Comparison C2, and Sample S3 was associated with Comparison C4. As the retention interval increased, the pigeons showed a bias to choose the comparison (C1 or C3) associated with the more frequently occurring sample (S1). Thus, pigeons were sensitive also to the (irrelevant) likelihood that each of the samples was presented. The results suggest that pigeons may allow their reference memory for the overall sample frequency to influence comparison choice, independent of the comparison stimuli present. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11868229 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 242 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Weaver, J.E.; Clement, T.S. | ||||
| Title | Pigeons group time intervals according to their relative duration | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | 1 | Pages |
113-117 |
| Keywords | Animals; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors; Time Perception | ||||
| Abstract | In the present research, we asked whether pigeons tended to judge time intervals not only in terms of their absolute value but also relative to a duration from which they must be discriminated (i.e., longer or shorter). Pigeons were trained on two independent temporal discriminations. In one discrimination, sample durations of 2 and 8 sec were associated with, for example, red and green hue comparisons, respectively, and in the other discrimination, sample durations of 4 and 16 sec were associated with vertical and horizontal line comparisons, respectively. If pigeons are trained on a temporal discrimination and tested with intermediate durations, the subjective midpoint typically occurs close to the geometric mean of the two trained values. The 4- and 8-sec values were selected to be the geometric mean of the two values in the other discrimination. When a 4-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 2- and 8-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the shorter sample. Similarly, when an 8-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 4- and 16-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the longer sample. Thus, a relative grouping effect was found. That is, durations that should have produced indifferent choice were influenced by their relative durations (shorter than or longer than the alternative) during training. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15116995 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 231 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M. | ||||
| Title | Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 2 | Pages |
127-137 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:7714447 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 256 | ||
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| Author | Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. | ||||
| Title | The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume | 72 | Issue | 1 | Pages |
139-149 |
| Keywords | positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints, | ||||
| Abstract | The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom, and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from the objective science of behavior analysts. |
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| ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16812908 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1829 | ||
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| Author | Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages |
152-169 |
| Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Conditioning, Classical; Conditioning, Operant; Cricetinae; *Electroshock; Female; *Food; Male; Punishment; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule | ||||
| Abstract | The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:670890 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 387 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M. | ||||
| Title | Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 20 | Issue | 2 | Pages |
176-183 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; *Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-). | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 | ||||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8189186 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 258 | ||
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