| Records |
| Author |
Forster, H.V.; Pan, L.G.; Bisgard, G.E.; Flynn, C.; Hoffer, R.E. |
| Title |
Changes in breathing when switching from nares to tracheostomy breathing in awake ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Physiol |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages  |
1214-1221 |
| Keywords |
Airway Resistance; Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Consciousness; Exertion; Horses/*physiology; Lung Compliance; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Stretch Receptors/physiology; *Respiration; Respiratory Dead Space; *Tracheotomy |
| Abstract |
We assessed the consequences of respiratory unloading associated with tracheostomy breathing (TBr). Three normal and three carotid body-denervated (CBD) ponies were prepared with chronic tracheostomies that at rest reduced physiological dead space (VD) from 483 +/- 60 to 255 +/- 30 ml and lung resistance from 1.5 +/- 0.14 to 0.5 +/- 0.07 cmH2O . l-1 . s. At rest and during steady-state mild-to-heavy exercise arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was approximately 1 Torr higher during nares breathing (NBr) than during TBr. Pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume (VT) were greater and alveolar ventilation was less during NBr than TBr. Breathing frequency (f) did not differ between NBr and TBr at rest, but f during exercise was greater during TBr than during NBr. These responses did not differ between normal and CBD ponies. We also assessed the consequences of increasing external VD (300 ml) and resistance (R, 0.3 cmH2O . l-1 . s) by breathing through a tube. At rest and during mild exercise tube breathing caused PaCO2 to transiently increase 2-3 Torr, but 3-5 min later PaCO2 usually was within 1 Torr of control. Tube breathing did not cause f to change. When external R was increased 1 cmH2O . l-1 . s by breathing through a conventional air collection system, f did not change at rest, but during exercise f was lower than during unencumbered breathing. These responses did not differ between normal, CBD, and hilar nerve-denervated ponies, and they did not differ when external VD or R were added at either the nares or tracheostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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English |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
8750-7587 |
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| Notes |
PMID:4055600 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
100 |
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| Author |
Pennisi, E. |
| Title |
Are out primate cousins 'conscious'? |
Type |
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| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
284 |
Issue |
5423 |
Pages |
2073-2076 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cebus; *Consciousness; Empathy; Humans; Instinct; Intelligence; Learning; *Mental Processes; Pan troglodytes; *Primates |
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English |
Summary Language |
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| ISSN |
0036-8075 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10409060 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2843 |
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| Author |
Pere, M.C. |
| Title |
Maternal and fetal blood levels of glucose, lactate, fructose, and insulin in the conscious pig |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
73 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2994-2999 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Blood Glucose/*analysis; Catheterization/methods/veterinary; Consciousness/physiology; Female; Fetal Blood/*chemistry; Fructose/analysis/*blood; Insulin/analysis/*blood; Lactates/analysis/*blood; Pregnancy; Swine/*blood/physiology |
| Abstract |
To study nutrition and metabolism in the fetal pig, a chronic catheterization method was developed that allows blood sampling in arteries and veins, at both the umbilical and uterine sources, in the conscious, unstressed animal. A catheter was inserted in the fetal aorta through a femoral artery, and another one was introduced in the umbilical vein. A catheter was put in a femoral artery of the sow so that its end was in the abdominal aorta. A fourth catheter was placed in a uterine vein draining the fetoplacental unit studied. This procedure was applied to 18 Large White primiparous sows at 99 d of gestation. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously using the four catheters before a meal at 103 d of pregnancy, and glucose, insulin, lactate, and fructose were determinated. Glycemia was 2.5 times higher in the sow than in the fetus. The extraction coefficient of glucose by the fetus amounted to 14% of the umbilical supply. The insulin level in the fetal pig was very low ( < 5 microU/mL). Lactate and fructose seemed to originate from the placenta. Blood lactate was 2.6 times lower in the sow than in the fetus, and its extraction coefficient by the fetus amounted to 8%. Fructose in the fetal blood was 2.3 times higher than that of glucose. Fructose was not utilized by the pig fetus. The present results obtained in the fetal pig are comparable to the conclusions drawn from studies with other species. |
| Address |
Station de Recherches Porcines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0021-8812 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:8617670 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2751 |
| Permanent link to this record |
