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Schmidt, R.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.; Naguib, M. |
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Title |
The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales |
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2007 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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76 |
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1 |
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168-173 |
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Aggression; Animals; Male; Songbirds/*physiology; *Territoriality; Time Factors; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology |
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1. Models on territory acquisition and tenure predict that territorial animals benefit by adjusting territorial defence behaviour to previous challenges they had experienced within the socially complex environment of communication networks. 2. Here, we addressed such issues of social cognition by investigating persisting effects of vocal contests on territory defence behaviour in nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm). 3. Using interactive playback during nocturnal song of subjects, a rival was simulated to countersing either aggressively (by song overlapping) or moderately (by song alternating) from outside the subjects' territory. Thereby, the time-specific singing strategy provided an experimentally controlled source of information on the motivation of an unfamiliar rival. 4. Expecting that nightingales integrate information with time, the same rival was simulated to return as a moderately singing intruder on the following morning. 5. The results show that the vigour with which male nightingales responded to the simulated intrusion of an opponent during the day depended on the nature of the nocturnal vocal interaction experienced several hours before. 6. Males that had received the song overlapping playback the preceding night approached the simulated intruder more quickly and closer and sang more songs near the loudspeaker than did males that had received a song alternating playback. 7. This adjustment of territory defence strategies depending on information from prior signalling experience suggests that integrating information with time plays an important part in territory defence by affecting a male's decision making in a communication network. |
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Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. rouven.schmidt@uni-bielefeld.de |
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0021-8790 |
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PMID:17184365 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2749 |
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Motch, S.M.; Harpster, H.W.; Ralston, S.; Ostiguy, N.; Diehl, N.K. |
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A note on yearling horse ingestive and agonistic behaviours in three concentrate feeding systems |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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106 |
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1-3 |
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167-172 |
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Horse; Feeding; Agonistic behaviour; Social behaviour; Sex differences |
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The objective of this study was to compare behaviours of yearling horses fed concentrates under each of three management systems. Over two consecutive years, 16 yearling horses (n = 8/year; 4 fillies, 4 geldings, full siblings between years) were observed over a 60-day trial period/year at 15:30 h each day. The experimental design consisted of three factors (sex, feeder type, and year); repeated measures on feeder type: tire feeders (control system), individual tub feeders, and manger feeders. Frequency of agonistic interaction was affected by feeder type and sex. Fillies performed more than three times the total number of agonistic behaviours per feeding session as geldings. In both years, horses spent the most time eating and had the fewest agonistic interactions when fed in tire feeders. |
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4342 |
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Jorgensen, G.H.M.; Boe, K.E. |
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A note on the effect of daily exercise and paddock size on the behaviour of domestic horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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107 |
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1-2 |
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166-173 |
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Horse; Exercise; Paddock size; Behaviour; Turnout |
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In a 2 x 3 factorial experiment we examined the effect of exercise (no exercise/daily exercise) and paddock size (small: 150 m2, medium: 300 m2 and large: 450 m2) on the behaviour of horses. In both these treatment periods nine (three cold blood and six warm blood) adult horses were exposed to all the three paddock size treatments for 2 h daily, for 1 week in each paddock size, and the order of paddock size treatments were rotated systematically. In between turnout in paddocks the horses were all housed in tie stalls. In the non-exercise period the horses walked significantly more, they travelled a longer distance, explored more and stood more alert, than in the period with exercise. The horses stood less passively in the large paddock compared to the medium and the small paddock, and they also travelled a longer distance in the larger paddock sizes. At days with heavy rain and wind, the horses were more restless and walked significantly more than in warmer weather. In conclusion; daily exercise significantly reduced the general activity in the paddocks. Increasing the paddock size to 450 m2, increased the time spent eating grass from under the fence and decreased the time spent standing passively. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4338 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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104 |
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1-2 |
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162-170 |
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Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships |
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I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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280 |
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Balendra, G.; Turner, M.; McCrory, P.; Halley, W. |
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Injuries in amateur horse racing (point to point racing) in Great Britain and Ireland during 1993-2006 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
British Journal of Sports Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Sports Med |
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41 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
162-166 |
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OBJECTIVES: To provide a breakdown of injury incidence from amateur jump racing (also known as point to point racing) in Great Britain and Ireland during 1993-2006 and to compare the injury epidemiology with professional horse racing in Great Britain, Ireland and France. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Great Britain and Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: Amateur jockeys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Injury rates. RESULTS: Injury data suggest that point to point racing is more dangerous from an injury point of view than professional jump racing, which has previously been shown to be more dangerous than flat racing. Amateur jockeys have more falls than their professional counterparts, and this in turn puts them at greater risk of sustaining more serious injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Amateur (point to point) jockeys represent a sporting population that previously has been little studied. They represent a group at high risk of injury, and hence formal injury surveillance tracking and counter measures for injury prevention are recommended. |
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University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
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1473-0480 |
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PMID:17138629 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3821 |
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Dubois, C.; Ricard, A. |
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Title |
Efficiency of past selection of the French Sport Horse: Selle Francais breed and suggestions for the future |
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2007 |
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Livestock Science |
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112 |
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1-2 |
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161-171 |
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Horse; Genetic trend; Selection; Jumping |
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Parameters of genetic trend of Selle Francais (SF) horse breed were studied from 1974 to 2002 and detailed since 1991 because historical BLUP animal model genetic evaluation for jumping competition was available since 1989. During this period, annual births varied from 6000 to 10,000. The annual genetic trend for show jumping was 0.055 of genetic standard deviation between 1985 and 1995 and 0.096 since 1995 without unfavourable trend for dressage (ΔG = + 0.002) and eventing (ΔG = + 0.011). The three parameters of genetic trend: the selection intensity (i = 1.95 for males, 0.48 for females), the accuracy (r = 0.66 for males, 0.60 for females), and the generation interval (L = 12.0 years for males, 11.5 for females) explained this result. Particularities were: a higher number of progeny for best sires which induced true selection intensity equal to 2.21, a new and important selection on progeny (46% births form sires tested on progeny between 2000 and 2002), a high rate of own performance test in competition for mares (45%) which induced high accuracy of mare pathway. However, demographic possibilities were not reached, the possible selection rate for male (1.5%) and females (49%) should increase genetic gain + 14% and + 11% respectively. The generation interval was too long: a better selection at first stage for males, with equal rapid test on progeny and a shorter period of reproduction, i.e. a higher number of foals per sire, should decrease the relative importance of progeny test and should decrease generation interval. The drop of mares aged more than 10 at first progeny should decrease 1.2 year generation interval without loss on accuracy. If breeders keep the same structure (test of stallion and majority of mares on their own performance), they could add new criteria (conformation, gaits...) in the breeding value estimation for SF and maintain the high genetic trend on jumping. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3946 |
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Chiandetti, C.; Regolin, L.; Sovrano, V.A.; Vallortigara, G. |
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Spatial reorientation: the effects of space size on the encoding of landmark and geometry information |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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10 |
Issue |
2 |
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159-168 |
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Animals; Chickens/*physiology; *Feeding Behavior; Male; Orientation/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; *Space Perception |
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The effects of the size of the environment on animals' spatial reorientation was investigated. Domestic chicks were trained to find food in a corner of either a small or a large rectangular enclosure. A distinctive panel was located at each of the four corners of the enclosures. After removal of the panels, chicks tested in the small enclosure showed better retention of geometrical information than chicks tested in the large enclosure. In contrast, after changing the enclosure from a rectangular-shaped to a square-shaped one, chicks tested in the large enclosure showed better retention of landmark (panels) information than chicks tested in the small enclosure. No differences in the encoding of the overall arrangement of landmarks were apparent when chicks were tested for generalisation in an enclosure differing from that of training in size together with a transformation (affine transformation) that altered the geometric relations between the target and the shape of the environment. These findings suggest that primacy of geometric or landmark information in reorientation tasks depends on the size of the experimental space, likely reflecting a preferential use of the most reliable source of information available during visual exploration of the environment. |
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Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, Via S. Anastasio 12, 34123, Trieste, Italy. cchiandetti@univ.trieste.it |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17136416 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2433 |
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Koski, S.E.; Koops, K.; Sterck, E.H.M. |
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Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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69 |
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2 |
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158-172 |
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Animals; *Anxiety; *Behavior, Animal; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior |
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Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The “integrated hypothesis” links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict. |
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Department of Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. s.e.koski@bio.uu.nl |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:17146788 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2872 |
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Warren-Smith, A.K.; Curtis, R.A.; Greetham, L.; McGreevy, P.D. |
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Rein contact between horse and handler during specific equitation movements |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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108 |
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1-2 |
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157-169 |
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Horse; Long-reining; Rein contact; Rein tension; Riding; Training |
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To explore the range of tensions used in reins to elicit specific movements from a range of horses, 22 horses of mixed age, sex, breed and training history were long-reined and ridden through a standard course. The reins contained embedded load cells so that tensions used to elicit specific movements could be measured and logged. These movements were categorised into `left turn', `right turn', `going straight' and `halt' and were separated for left and right rein tensions. The data were analysed using two-sample non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnoff tests and the differences between categories of horse and equipment were analysed with one-way analysis of variance. The tensions recorded in the reins were greater for long-reining than riding (median 5.76, Q25 3.9, Q75 13.3 N and median 5.29, Q25 9.3, Q75 2.9 N, respectively, P = 0.025), irrespective of whether the horses were ridden with a halter or a bridle or whether the test was completed at a walk or a trot. The tensions did not differ between the left and right reins (P > 0.05) when the horses were being driven or ridden in a straight line, providing evidence that an `even contact' was maintained. The rein tension required for going straight was less than for any other responses, showing that a lighter contact on the reins can be maintained between the application of specific stimuli. The rein tension required to elicit the halt response was greater than for any other response (P < 0.001). The rein tensions required to complete the course did not differ with the use of bridle versus the halter (P > 0.05). Clearly, a range of rein tensions is required for horses to elicit specific responses. In the interests of horse welfare and avoidance of habituation, those involved in equitation need to become aware of the tensions used in training horses and seek to keep them to a minimum. When rein tension can be measured objectively, this process can be easily implemented and monitored. |
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Seed, A.M.; Clayton, N.S.; Emery, N.J. |
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Postconflict third-party affiliation in rooks, Corvus frugilegus |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Current biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
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17 |
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2 |
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152-158 |
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Conflict features in the lives of many animal species and induces social stress mediated by glucocorticoid hormones [1]. Postconflict affiliation, between former opponents (reconciliation) or between former opponents and a bystander (third-party affiliation), has been suggested as a behavioral mechanism for reducing such stress [2], but has been studied almost exclusively in primates [3]. As with many primates, several bird species live in social groups and form affiliative relationships [4]. Do these distantly related animals also use affiliative behavior to offset the costs of conflict? We studied postconflict affiliation in a captive group of rooks. Unlike polygamous primates, monogamous rooks did not reconcile with former opponents. However, we found clear evidence of third-party affiliation after conflicts. Both initiators and targets of aggression engaged in third-party affiliation with a social partner and employed a specific behavior, bill twining, during the postconflict period. Both former aggressors and uninvolved third parties initiated affiliative contacts. Despite the long history of evolutionary divergence, the pattern of third-party affiliation in rooks is strikingly similar to that observed in tolerant primate species. Furthermore, the absence of reconciliation in rooks makes sense in light of the species differences in social systems. |
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Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:17240341 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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534 |
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