Records |
Author |
Malmgren, L.; Andresen, Ø.; Dalin, A.-M. |
Title |
Effect of GnRH immunisation on hormonal levels, sexual behaviour, semen quality and testicular morphology in mature stallions |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine vet. J. |
Volume |
33 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
75-83 |
Keywords |
horse; GnRH; immunisation; stallion; testosterone; oestrone sulphate; sexual behaviour; semen quality |
Abstract |
Summary The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunisation on mature stallions that had been used for breeding. Four Standardbred stallions were used in the study: 3 experimental animals and 1 control animal. Semen was collected regularly, i.e. twice/week, during the 4 months prior to the experimental period. The stallions were immunised against GnRH with a GnRH-BSA conjugate. Equimune was used as the adjuvant. The stallions were immunised on 5 occasions, 4 at 2 week intervals, and the fifth 4 weeks after the fourth. Blood samples were taken once a week for analysis of GnRH antibody titre and every third week for testosterone and oestrone sulphate analyses. Semen was collected once a week, and libido and sexual behaviour were observed. Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total number of sperm in the ejaculate, sperm motility and sperm morphology were evaluated. Testicular size was measured once a week. At the end of the study, the stallions were castrated, and a histological examination of the testes performed. All immunised stallions produced antibodies against GnRH, and plasma testosterone concentration decreased. However, the effect of immunisation varied between stallions. In 2 of the stallions, high levels of antibodies were found, while in the third, the level was moderate. Four weeks after the first immunisation, a decrease in libido was observed. Two months after the first immunisation, marked changes in semen quality were observed in the 2 stallions with high antibody titres. Fourteen weeks after the first immunisation, the total number of sperm/ejaculate had decreased from >8.6×109 to<2.7×109, sperm motility from >59 to<10% and the frequency of morphological normal spermatozoa had decreased from >60 to<14%. The dominating abnormalities were abnormal head shapes, proximal cytoplasmic droplets and detached heads. In the third stallion, only slight changes in semen quality were found. No changes were observed in the control stallion. Decreases in testicular size were noted in all of the experimental stallions. Pronounced histological alterations in the testes were observed in 2 of the stallions. It is concluded that the vaccine was effective in stimulating production of GnRH antibodies and in suppressing testicular function and androgen secretion. However, there was an individual variation in the responses among the stallions and, further, libido was not totally suppressed. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
2042-3306 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5312 |
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Author |
Henderson, J.V.; Warant, N.K. |
Title |
Reducing Equine Stereotypies Using an Equiball |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Welfare |
Volume |
10 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
73-80 |
Keywords |
NIMAL WELFARE; ENRICHMENT; EQUIBALLTRADE; HORSES; STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIOUR |
Abstract |
It is believed that environmental enrichment techniques can play an important part in creating suitable captive environments for horses. There has, however, been little scientific investigation into the effectiveness of 'stable-toys' which claim to reduce the performance of equine stereotypies. This study investigated the effect of a foraging device known as 'The Equiball' on equine stereotypies. Six horses were given their evening feed in an Equiball, and the occurence of stereotypic behaviour recorded using scan sampling of video observations. Pre-enrichment, horses spent a mean(SD) of 5.27 ? 8.17 per cent of their time in the stable performing stereotypies; and significant individual variation in mean time performing stereotypic behaviour was found (P < 0.05). Several peaks in stereotypy over the day were found, the two main ones corresponding to the times before feeding. A reduction in stereotypic behaviour in five horses, and a small increase in stereotypic behaviour in one horse was observed during enrichment. During enrichment, there was an overall trend for stereotypic behaviour to decrease (P < 0.1). When used in conjunction with other measures such as behaviour therapy, companionship, increased exercise, and so on, the Equiball may help to create an environment less likely to lead to the development of stereotypic behaviours. |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2011 |
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Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
71-85 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
Abstract |
Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
Address |
Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0275-2565 |
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Notes |
PMID:11668526 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4115 |
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Author |
Webster, S.; Fiorito, G. |
Title |
Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
69-79 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
A review of the past 50 years of literature on socially guided behaviour addresses two questions: (1) whether socially guided behaviour, which has traditionally been considered characteristic of vertebrates, is also found among non-insect invertebrates, and (2) to see whether our classification of socially guided behaviours in invertebrates matches, and thereby supports, A. Whiten and R. Ham's classification of vertebrate behaviours into two broad categories, social learning and social influence. We systematically reviewed the literature on socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates to determine if social behaviours exist. Once this was established, we characterised our findings using 13 behavioural phenomena that are considered to be descriptive of socially guided behaviour. Using a multivariate technique, we then analysed the data to determine if our characterisation scheme produced a similar distribution to that presented by A. Whiten and R. Ham. Our results indicate that socially guided behaviours are present in invertebrates, and invertebrates can be placed into the previously established framework on vertebrate social behaviour. Further, our analysis reveals a prominent separation between representations of the social influence and social learning categories, thereby supporting the previously published framework on socially guided behaviour. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3210 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
The case for a cognitive approach to animal learning and behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavioral Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Processes |
Volume |
54 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
65-78 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
The dangers of hypothesizing about unobservable cognitive mechanisms are well known to behavior analysts. I propose, however, that carefully fashioned cognitive theories that make predictions that are inconsistent with current behavioral theories can provide useful research tools for the understanding of behavior. Furthermore, even if the results of such research may be accommodated by modifying existing behavioral theories, our understanding of behavior is often advanced by the empirical findings because it is unlikely that the research would have been conducted in the absence of such cognitive hypothesizing. Two examples of the development of emergent relations are described: The first deals with the nature of a pigeon's 'representation' of two stimuli both of which are associated with correct responding to a third in a many-to-one matching task (stimulus equivalence or common representations). The second has to do with transitive inference, the emergent relation between two stimuli mediated by their relation to a common stimulus in a simultaneous discrimination. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 40506-0044, Lexington, KY, USA |
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0376-6357 |
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Notes |
PMID:11369461 |
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no |
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Serial |
25 |
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Author |
Taylor, J.G. |
Title |
What do Neuronal Network Models of the Mind Indicate about Animal Consciousness? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Welfare |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
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Pages |
63-75 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3490 |
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Author |
Dorrance, B.R.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
115 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
62-67 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Coturnix; Female; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; *Motivation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors |
Abstract |
The 2-action method was used to examine whether imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation of the demonstrated behavior. Two groups of observers were fed before observation (satiated groups), whereas 2 other groups of observers were deprived of food before observation (hungry groups). Quail were tested either immediately following observation or after a 30-min delay. Results indicated that quail in the hungry groups imitated, whereas those in the satiated groups did not, regardless of whether their test was immediate or delayed. The results suggest that observer quail may not learn (through observation) behavior that leads to a reinforcer for which they are unmotivated at the time of test. In addition, the results show that quail are able to delay the performance of a response acquired through observation (i.e., they show deferred imitation). |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:11334220 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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245 |
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Author |
De Lillo,; C. De Lillo; Floreano,; D. Floreano; Antinucci,; F. Antinucci |
Title |
Transitive choices by a simple, fully connected, backpropagation neural network: implications for the comparative study of transitive inference |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
Volume |
4 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
61-68 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
In search of the minimal requirements for transitive reasoning, a simple neural network was trained and tested on the non-verbal version of the conventional “five-term-series task” – a paradigm used with human adults, children and a variety of non-human species. The transitive performance of the network was analogous in several aspects to that reported for children and animals. The three effects usually associated with transitive choices i.e. “symbolic distance”, “lexical marking” and “end-anchor”, were also clearly shown by the neural network. In a second experiment, where the training conditions were manipulated, the network failed to match the behavioural pattern reported for human adults in the test following an ordered presentation of the premises. However, it mimicked young children's performance when tested with a novel comparison term. Although we do not intend to suggest a new model of transitive inference, we conclude, in line with other authors, that a simple error-correcting rule can generate transitive behaviour similar to the choice pattern of children and animals in the binary form of the five-term-series task without requiring high-order logical or paralogical abilities. The analysis of the training history and of the final internal structure of the network reveals the associative strategy employed. However, our results indicate that the scope of the associative strategy used by the network might be limited. The extent to which the conventional five-term-series task, in absence of appropriate manipulations of training and testing conditions, is suitable to detect cognitive differences across species is also discussed on the basis of our results. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3145 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Boesch, C. |
Title |
The cultures of chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
Volume |
284 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
60-67 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Culture; Feeding Behavior; Grooming; Hominidae; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
Abstract |
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Address |
University of St. Andrews |
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English |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:11132425 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
740 |
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Author |
Cordeiro de Sousa, M.; Xavier, N.; Alves da Silva, H.; Souza de Oliveira, M.; Yamamoto, M. |
Title |
Hand preference study in marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) using food reaching tests |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
42 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
57-66 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Abstract Hand preference has been investigated in New World primates but the data obtained thus far are controversial. In this study we investigated hand preference in common marmosets,Callithrix jacchus, during the execution of a reaching for food task. We used 46 adult common marmoset males (n=27) and females (n=19) from the Universidade of Rio Grande do Norte colony, both wild and captive-born. To test the hand preference we used a device measuring 10 cm2, with a central hole 1 cm in diameter, to force the animal to use only one hand to reach for food on a food dish located underneath. Each animal was tested 5 times and had to make a maximum of 20 successful attempts per session. A total of 100 successful attempts per animal and 4,600 successful attempts for all animals were recorded during the experiment. Latency and duration of the sessions were measured and we found preference for the use of one of the hands in common marmoset individuals, i.e. 45 of total of 46 animals used significantly more the right or the left hand when performing the task. However no bias at the population level was found. Females born in captivity presented an increase in the duration of latency for the first successful attempt and in the total duration of the test sessions. These findings might be indicating differences associated with a natural tendency for females to be more selective and to spend more time exploring alimentary sources. Additionally, captive-born females may have a constrain in developing cognitive abilities regarding foraging since they have food available during most part of the time. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3149 |
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