| Records |
| Author |
Matzke, S.M.; Oubre, J.L.; Caranto, G.R.; Gentry, M.K.; Galbicka, G. |
| Title |
Behavioral and immunological effects of exogenous butyrylcholinesterase in rhesus monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol Biochem Behav |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages  |
523-530 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Antibody Formation/drug effects; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Butyrylcholinesterase/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; Color Perception/drug effects; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects; Discrimination Learning/drug effects; Half-Life; Horses; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male |
| Abstract |
Although conventional therapies prevent organophosphate (OP) lethality, laboratory animals exposed to such treatments typically display behavioral incapacitation. Pretreatment with purified exogenous human or equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BuChE), conversely, has effectively prevented OP lethality in rats and rhesus monkeys, without producing the adverse side effects associated with conventional treatments. In monkeys, however, using a commercial preparation of Eq-BuChE has been reported to incapacitate responding. In the present study, repeated administration of commercially prepared Eq-BuChE had no systematic effect on behavior in rhesus monkeys as measured by a six-item serial probe recognition task, despite 7- to 18-fold increases in baseline BuChE levels in blood. Antibody production induced by the enzyme was slight after the first injection and more pronounced following the second injection. The lack of behavioral effects, the relatively long in vivo half-life, and the previously demonstrated efficacy of BuChE as a biological scavenger for highly toxic OPs make BuChE potentially more effective than current treatment regimens for OP toxicity. |
| Address |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0091-3057 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10080246 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4064 |
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| Author |
Quaranta, A.; Siniscalchi, M.; Frate, A.; Vallortigara, G. |
| Title |
Paw preference in dogs: relations between lateralised behaviour and immunity |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
153 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
521-525 |
| Keywords |
Paw preference; Lateralisation; Immunity; Dog |
| Abstract |
Paw use in a task consisting of the removal of a piece of adhesive paper from the snout was investigated in 80 mongrel and pure-bred domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Population lateralisation was observed, but in opposite directions in the two sexes (animals were not desexed): males preferentially used their left paw, females their right paw. The relationship between immune function and paw preference was then investigated. Some immune parameters (total number of white blood cells including lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes; leukocyte formula; total proteins; γ-globulins) were investigated in a sample of left-pawed (n=6), right-pawed (n=6) and ambidextrous (n=6) dogs. The results showed that the percentage of lymphocytes was higher in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs, whereas granulocytes percentage was lower in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. Moreover, total number of lymphocytes cells was higher in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs, whereas the number of γ-globulins was lower in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. These findings represent the first evidence that brain asymmetry modulates immune responses in dogs. |
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| ISSN |
0166-4328 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5783 |
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| Author |
Visser, E.K.; Ellis, A.D.; Van Reenen, C.G. |
| Title |
The effect of two different housing conditions on the welfare of young horses stabled for the first time |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
114 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
521-533 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Welfare; Stabling; Housing; HPA axis; Novel Object test |
| Abstract |
The effect of stabling for the first time on the behaviour and welfare of young and naïve horses has not yet been studied in detail. In this study we examined the effect of two typical housing systems on their subsequent behavioural and physiological responses upon first time stabling. Thirty-six 2-year-old Dutch warmbloods, 18 geldings and 18 mares were included in the study. Half of the horses were stabled in individual stables (10.5m2) and the other half in pair housing (48m2 for two horses). The study lasted 12 weeks. At the end of the study the physiological and temperamental responses of the horses on the different treatments was tested using a CRF challenge test (to test the HPA-axis function) and a Novel Object test (to test temperamental differences) respectively. Especially in the first week after stabling pair housed horses spent more time eating whereas individually housed horses spent more time either standing vigilant or sleeping. Stress-related behaviours like neighing, pawing, nibbling and snorting were all displayed significantly more frequently in the individually housed horses (P<0.01). At the end of the study 67% of the individually housed horses was seen performing one or more stereotypies (P<0.01). The cortisol response and ACTH response on the CRF challenge test were lower for horses in the individually housed boxes. It is suggested that this depression in socially isolated animals is caused by a desensitisation of the HPA axis in response to stress-induced elevations in ACTH and cortisol. In general there was no effect of the treatment on the reactivity of the horses during the Novel Object test. However, there were significant relations between the responses of horses in the Novel Object test and in the stable environment. It is concluded that sudden isolated stabling is stressful to young and naïve horses, resulting in a high prevalence of stereotypies and abnormal behaviours. This study also provided some support for the notion that social stress in horses may be associated with a blunted adrenocortical response to CRF challenge. The finding that responses of horses to a behavioural test are correlated with home environment behaviours suggests that individual horses exhibit consistent behavioural traits across different contexts, and opens the possibility of using behavioural tests in horses to predict more general underlying behavioural characteristics. |
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| ISSN |
0168-1591 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6630 |
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| Author |
Siniscalchi, M.; Sasso, R.; Pepe, A.M.; Vallortigara, G.; Quaranta, A. |
| Title |
Dogs turn left to emotional stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
| Volume |
208 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
516-521 |
| Keywords |
Dog; Laterality; Vision; Behaviour; Physiology; Cognition; Emotion; Animal welfare |
| Abstract |
During feeding behaviour, dogs were suddenly presented with 2D stimuli depicting the silhouette of a dog, a cat or a snake simultaneously into the left and right visual hemifields. A bias to turn the head towards the left rather than the right side was observed with the cat and snake stimulus but not with the dog stimulus. Latencies to react following stimulus presentation were lower for left than for right head turning, whereas times needed to resume feeding behaviour were higher after left rather than after right head turning. When stimuli were presented only to the left or right visual hemifields, dogs proved to be more responsive to left side presentation, irrespective of the type of stimulus. However, cat and snake stimuli produced shorter latencies to react and longer times to resume feeding following left rather than right monocular visual hemifield presentation. Results demonstrate striking lateralization in dogs, with the right side of the brain more responsive to threatening and alarming stimuli. Possible implications for animal welfare are discussed. |
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0166-4328 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5080 |
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| Author |
Morley, K.I.; Montgomery, G.W. |
| Title |
The genetics of cognitive processes: candidate genes in humans and animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
511-531 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Chromosome Mapping; Drosophila melanogaster; Genetic Markers/*genetics; Humans; Intelligence/*genetics; Mental Retardation/genetics; Mice; Phenotype; Quantitative Trait, Heritable |
| Abstract |
It has been hypothesized that numerous genes contribute to individual variation in human cognition. An extensive search of the scientific literature was undertaken to identify candidate genes which might contribute to this complex trait. A list of over 150 candidate genes that may influence some aspect of cognition was compiled. Some genes are particularly strong candidates based on evidence for involvement in cognitive processes in humans, mice, and Drosophila melanogaster. This survey confirms that many genes are associated with cognitive variation and highlights the potential importance of animal models in the study of human cognition. |
| Address |
Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia |
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English |
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0001-8244 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11838530 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4141 |
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| Author |
Eisenmann V, G.D.C. |
| Title |
Caractères distinctifs entre vrais zèbres et zèbres de Chapman d`après l`étude de 60 têtes osseuses. |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Mammalia |
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38 |
Issue |
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Pages |
509-543 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1060 |
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| Author |
Bekoff,M; Allen, C; Burghardt, G. M. |
| Title |
The cognitive animal: Empirical and theoretical perspectives on animal cognition |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Computers and Mathematics with Applications |
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| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
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Pages |
508-509 |
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The MIT Press |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge, MA. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3496 |
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Millspaugh, J.J.; Brundige, G.C.; Gitzen, R.A.; Raedeke, K.J. |
| Title |
Herd organization of cow elk in Custer State Park, South Dakota |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Wildlife Society Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wildl Soc Bull |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
506-514 |
| Keywords |
Cervus elaphus nelsoni, home range, kernel, Rocky Mountain Elk, social organization, subherd, utilization distribution, volume of intersection |
| Abstract |
nderstanding herd organization is important when considering management alternatives designed to benefit or manipulate elk (Cervus elaphus) populations. We studied the seasonal and annual herd organization of cow elk in Custer State Park, South Dakota from 1993-1997 by examining seasonal subherd range size, spatial arrangement, overlap, and site fidelity. Based on social interaction analyses, we combined locations of radiocol-lared cow elk to delineate subherds. We computed 95% kernel home ranges with least-squares cross validation for each subherd by season and year. Subherd overlap and fidelity by season and year were computed using the Volume of Intersection Index (VI) statistic. We identified 5 relatively discrete, resident cow-calf subherds. We observed little overlap in utilization distributions of adjacent subherds. The mean VI score across all subherds and time points (n=140) was 0.06 (SE=0.009), indicating an average 6% overlap in subherd area utilization. Subherd overlap between pairs was 0.08 in fall (SE= 0.021), 0.06 in winter (SE=0.018), 0.06 in spring (SE=0.2), and 0.05 in summer (SE= 0.016). Range sizes were not different between any pairs of seasons or years (F13,52=0.7, P=0.75). Subherd fidelity ranged from 0.41 (SE=0.033) to 0.60 (SE=0.018) overall, indicating differential use within the subherd boundary across years. The ability to distinguish discrete cow-calf subherd units is consistent with other studies and may aid elk management in Custer State Park. However, use patterns within subherd boundaries were inconsistent across years and may reflect human disturbances (e.g., hunting and logging activities), differences in our sampling approach, or changes in matriarchal leadership. Further evaluation into factors affecting space-use patterns is necessary to predict changes in range use within the subherd boundary. |
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2065 |
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Powell, G.V.N. |
| Title |
Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
501-505 |
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| Abstract |
In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk. Captive starlings in flocks reduce their individual surveillance efforts, but their combined efforts still enable them to be more effective than single birds in the detection of predators. Foraging behaviour of flocks was observed by placing single starlings with groups of tricoloured blackbirds, Agelaius tricolor; the starlings reduced the time they devoted to surveillance at the same rate as if they were with other starlings. |
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2147 |
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| Author |
Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
| Title |
Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
501-526 |
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| Abstract |
Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3398 |
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