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Salter Re,. (1979). Biogeography and habitat. Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 129–142.
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Asa, C. S. (1999). Male reproductive success in free-ranging feral horses. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47(1-2), 89–93.
Abstract: In the social organization of feral horses, adult males compete to monopolize groups or bands of females, sometimes called harems. Alternative male strategies are to remain alone or with other bachelors or, less commonly, to accept subordinate status within a harem. The hypothesis that dominant harem stallion status confers a reproductive advantage was tested in free-ranging feral horses. The presence of foals in harems headed by vasectomized (VSX) versus intact stallions was used to assess the ability of these stallions to control reproduction in their harems. Of harems headed by VSX stallions, 17 and 33% contained foals during years 2 and 3 post-treatment, respectively. In contrast, 86 and 80% of harems headed by non-VSX stallions contained foals in those years. Acquisition of pregnant mares appeared more likely than sneak copulations by bachelor stallions to account for foals in harems with a single stallion. However, most foals were born into harems that included a subordinate stallion, an occurrence that was undoubtedly exacerbated by the extended breeding season resulting from the sterility of the harem stallion. Thus, in comparing alternative reproductive tactics, bachelors appeared less successful than subordinate stallions within a harem. However, the highest reproductive success was achieved by the harem stallion, further demonstrating that alternative tactics are not equally profitable.
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TURNER JW et al,. (1979). Quantitative aspects of elimination behavior in feral stallions (Abstract). Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 84.
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Mccort Wd,. (1979). The feral asses (Equus asinus) of Ossabaw Island, Georgia: Mating system and the effects of Vasectomies as a population. Control Procedure. Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 71–83.
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PERKINS A et al,. (1979). Age characteristics of feral horses in Montana. Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 51–58.
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KIRKPATRICK JF et al,. (1979). Adrenal corticosteroids and their use in monitoring stress in captive feral horses (Abstract). Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 49–50.
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TURNER JW et al,. (1979). Testicular biopsy in feral stallions. Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 41–48.
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KIRKPATRICK JF et al,. (1979). Seasonal estrus patterns in captive feral mares (Abstract). Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 39–40.
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JORDAN JW et al,. (1979). Summer diets of feral burros (Equus asinus) in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 15–22.
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Walters Je,. (1979). Movement and home ranges of feral burros on the Tonto plateau, Grand Canyon National Park (Abstract). Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, , 1.
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