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Author |
Lyda, R.O.; Hall, J.R.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Title |
A comparison of Freund's Complete and Freund's Modified Adjuvants used with a contraceptive vaccine in wild horses (Equus caballus) |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zoo Wildl Med |
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36 |
Issue |
4 |
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610-616 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antibody Formation; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary; Estrus/drug effects; Female; Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology; Horses/immunology/*physiology; *Vaccines, Contraceptive; Zona Pellucida/*immunology |
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Abstract |
Fifteen captive wild mares (Equus caballus) were treated with porcine zona pellucida contraceptive vaccine and either Freund's Complete Adjuvant (n = 7) or Freund's Modified Adjuvant (n = 8). All mares received a booster inoculation of porcine zona pellucida plus Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant a month later. Anti-porcine zona pellucida antibodies were measured over 10 mo following the initial inoculation. There were no significant differences in antibody titers at any point during the 10 mo, and seven of the eight mares in the Freund's Modified Adjuvant group were above the 60% level at the end of the study, which is considered to be the contraceptive threshold for horses. There were no significant differences in titers between pregnant and nonpregnant horses, nor was there a significant correlation between age and titers. One local injection site reaction occurred after booster treatment with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant, and 11 healthy foals were born during the course of the study. These data suggest that Freund's Modified Adjuvant is an acceptable substitute for Freund's Complete Adjuvant in certain free-ranging and captive wildlife species. |
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Science and Conservation Center, 2100 South Shiloh Road, Billings, Montana 59106, USA |
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English |
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1042-7260 |
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PMID:17312717 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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139 |
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Author |
Smielowski, J. |
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Title |
Breeding of the Grevy's Zebra at Polish zoological gardens |
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Year |
1988 |
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Przeglad Zool |
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32 |
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595-597 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1608 |
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Author |
Orlov Vn, |
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Title |
Schädelform Kulan |
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Year |
1961 |
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Zool Z |
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40 |
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592-601 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1438 |
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Author |
Klingel H, |
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Title |
Beobachtungen am Steppenzebra (Equus quagga boehmi Matschie) |
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1964 |
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Verh Dtsch Zool Ges in Kiel |
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566-569 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1278 |
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Author |
ANTONIUS. O. |
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Title |
On the geographical distribution, in former times and to-day, of the recent equidae. |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1938 |
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Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Zool. Soc. London. |
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Volume |
107 |
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4 |
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557-564 |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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885 |
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Author |
Ridgeway W, |
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Title |
Contributions to the study of the Equidae; the differentation of the three species of zebras |
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Year |
1909 |
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Proc Zool Soc Lond |
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547-586 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1507 |
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Bard Jbl, |
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Title |
A unity underlying the different zebra stripping patterns |
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1977 |
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J Zool Lond |
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183 |
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527-539 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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923 |
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Author |
Kaseda Y, |
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Title |
Seasonal changes in time spent grazing and resting of Misaki horses |
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1983 |
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Jpn J Zootechn Sci |
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54 |
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464-469 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1235 |
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Author |
Zlatanova, D.; Ahmed, A.; Valasseva, A.; Genov, P. |
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Title |
Adaptive Diet Strategy of the Wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Europe: a Review |
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2014 |
Publication |
ACTA ZOOLOGICA BULGARICA |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta zool. bulg. |
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Volume |
66 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
439-452 |
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Keywords |
Wolf, Canis lupus, prey, adaptive strategy |
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Abstract |
The diet strategy of the wolf in Europe is reviewed on the basis of 74 basic and 14 additional literature
sources. The comparative analysis reveals clear dependence on the latitude (and, therefore, on the changing
environmental conditions) correlated with the wild ungulate abundance and diversity. Following a
geographic pattern, the wolf is specialised on different species of ungulates: moose and reindeer in Scandinavia,
red deer in Central and Eastern Europe and wild boar in Southern Europe. Where this large prey
is taken, the roe deer is hunted with almost the same frequency in every region. The wolf diet in Europe
shows two ecological adaptations formed by a complex of variables: 1. Wolves living in natural habitats
with abundance of wild ungulates feed mainly on wild prey. 2. In highly anthropogenic habitats, with low
abundance of wild prey, wolves feed on livestock (where husbandry of domestic animals is available) and
take also a lot of plant food, smaller prey (hares and rodents) and garbage food. The frequency of occurrence
of wild ungulates in the diet of wolves in North Europe varies from 54.0% in Belarus to 132.7% in
Poland, while that of livestock is in the range from 0.4% in Norway to 74.9% in Belarus. In South Europe,
the frequency of occurrence of wild prey varies from 0% in Italy and Spain to 136.0% in Italy, while of domestic
ungulates ranges between 0% and 100% in Spain. The low density or lack of wild prey triggers the
switch of the wolf diet to livestock, plant food (32.2-85% in Italy) or even garbage (up to 41.5% in Italy). |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6388 |
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Author |
Lydekker R, |
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Title |
Note on the wild ass of Mongolia |
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Year |
1904 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Zool. Soc. London. |
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Part 1 |
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Pages |
431-432 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2342 |
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