Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Sousa, C.; Okamoto, S.; Matsuzawa, T.
Title	Behavioural development in a matching-to-sample task and token use by an infant chimpanzee reared by his mother			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	259-267
Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Imitative Behavior; Male; Mothers/psychology; Pan troglodytes/growth & development/psychology; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	We investigated the behavioural and cognitive development of a captive male infant chimpanzee, Ayumu, raised by his mother, Ai. Here we report Ayumu's achievements up to the age of 2 years and 3 months, in the context of complex computer-controlled tasks. From soon after birth, Ayumu had been present during an experiment performed by his mother. The task consisted of two phases, a matching-to-sample task in which she received token rewards, and the insertion of these tokens into a vending machine to obtain food rewards. Ayumu himself received no reward or encouragement from humans for any of the actions he exhibited during the experiment. At the age of 9 months and 3 weeks, Ayumu performed his first matching-to-sample trial. At around 1 year and 3 months, he began to perform them consistently. Also during this period, he frequently stole food rewards from his mother. At 2 years and 3 months, Ayumu succeeded for the first time in inserting a token into the vending machine. Once he had succeeded in using a token, he performed both phases of the task in sequence 20 times consecutively. The infant's behaviour was not shaped by food rewards but by a strong motivation to copy his mother's behaviour. Our observations of Ayumu thus mirror the learning processes shown by wild chimpanzees.
Address	Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan. csousa@fcsh.unl.pt
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:13680400			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2556
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Author	Benard, J.; Stach, S.; Giurfa, M.
Title	Categorization of visual stimuli in the honeybee Apis mellifera			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	257-270
Keywords	Animals; Bees/physiology; Classification; Cognition/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Generalization, Stimulus/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Transfer (Psychology)/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
Abstract	Categorization refers to the classification of perceptual input into defined functional groups. We present and discuss evidence suggesting that stimulus categorization can also be found in an invertebrate, the honeybee Apis mellifera, thus underlining the generality across species of this cognitive process. Honeybees show positive transfer of appropriate responding from a trained to a novel set of visual stimuli. Such a transfer was demonstrated for specific isolated features such as symmetry or orientation, but also for assemblies (layouts) of features. Although transfer from training to novel stimuli can be achieved by stimulus generalization of the training stimuli, most of these transfer tests involved clearly distinguishable stimuli for which generalization would be reduced. Though in most cases specific experimental controls such as stimulus balance and discriminability are still required, it seems appropriate to characterize the performance of honeybees as reflecting categorization. Further experiments should address the issue of which categorization theory accounts better for the visual performances of honeybees.
Address	Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (UMR 5169), CNRS – Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 4, France
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16909238			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2446
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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination			Type	Journal Article
Year	1994	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	20	Issue	2	Pages	176-183
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-).
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8189186			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	258
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	173-183
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; Imagination; Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16466863			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	218
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Author	Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Transfer across delayed discriminations: evidence regarding the nature of prospective working memory			Type	Journal Article
Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	154-173
Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology); Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Pigeons were trained successively either on 2 delayed simple discriminations or on a delayed simple discrimination followed by delayed matching-to-sample. During subsequent transfer tests, the initial stimuli from the 1st task were substituted for those in the 2nd. Performances transferred immediately if both sets of initial stimuli had been associated with the presence versus absence of food on their respective retention tests, and the direction of transfer (positive or negative) depended on whether the substitution involved stimuli with identical or different outcome associates. No transfer was found, however, when the initial stimuli were associated with different patterns of responding but food occurred at the end of every trial. These results are consistent with outcome expectancy mediation but are incompatible with response intention and retrospective coding accounts.
Address	Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1583445			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	260
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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Jackson-Smith, P.; Jagielo, J.A.; Nallan, G.B.
Title	Categorical shape and color coding by pigeons			Type	Journal Article
Year	1986	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	153-159
Keywords	Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Generalization, Stimulus; Psychophysics; Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Categorical coding is the tendency to respond similarly to discriminated stimuli. Past research indicates that pigeons can categorize colors according to at least three spectral regions. Two present experiments assessed the categorical coding of shapes and the existence of a higher order color category (all colors). Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks (matching-to-sample, and oddity-from-sample). One task involved red and a plus sign, the other a circle and green. On test trials one of the two comparison stimuli from one task was replaced by one of the stimuli from the other task. Differential performance based on which of the two stimuli from the other task was introduced suggested categorical coding rules. In Experiment 1 evidence for the categorical coding of sample shapes was found. Categorical color coding was also found; however, it was the comparison stimuli rather than the samples that were categorically coded. Experiment 2 replicated the categorical shape sample effect and ruled out the possibility that the particular colors used were responsible for the categorical coding of comparison stimuli. Overall, the results indicate that pigeons can develop categorical rules involving shapes and colors and that the color categories can be hierarchical.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3701264			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	262
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Author	Zentall, T.R.; Klein, E.D.; Singer, R.A.
Title	Evidence for detection of one duration sample and default responding to other duration samples by pigeons may result from an artifact of retention-test ambiguity			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume	30	Issue	2	Pages	129-134
Keywords	Animals; Artifacts; Association Learning; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Recognition (Psychology); Retention (Psychology); Time Perception; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	S. C. Gaitan and J. T. Wixted (2000) proposed that when pigeons are trained on a conditional discrimination to associate 1 duration sample with 1 comparison and 2 other duration samples with a 2nd comparison, they detect only the single duration, and on trials involving either of the 2 other duration samples, they respond to the other comparison by default. In 2 experiments, the authors show instead that pigeons lend to treat the retention intervals (such as those used by Gaitan and Wixted) as intertrial intervals, and thus, they tend to treat all trials with a delay as 0-s sample trials. The authors tested this hypothesis by showing that divergent retention functions do not appear when the retention interval is discriminably different from the intertrial interval.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15078122			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	232
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Author	Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R.
Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans			Type	Journal Article
Year	1999	Publication	The American journal of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Psychol
Volume	112	Issue	1	Pages	21-39
Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts.
Address	University of Kentucky, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0002-9556	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10696277			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	249
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