Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Nicol, C.J.; Brown, S.N.; Glen, E.; Pope, S.J.; Short, F.J.; Warriss, P.D.; Zimmerman, P.H.; Wilkins, L.J.
Title	Effects of stocking density, flock size and management on the welfare of laying hens in single-tier aviaries			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	British poultry science	Abbreviated Journal	Br Poult Sci
Volume	47	Issue	2	Pages	135-146
Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Body Constitution/physiology; Chickens/physiology; Crowding; Feathers; Female; *Housing, Animal/standards; Mortality; Organ Size; Oviposition/physiology; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation
Abstract	Management practices, stocking rate and flock size may affect laying hen welfare but there have been few replicated studies in commercial non-cage systems that investigate this. This study used a broad range of physical and physiological indicators to assess the welfare of hens in 36 commercial flocks. Six laying period treatments were examined with each treatment replicated 6 times. It was not possible to randomly allocate treatments to houses, so treatment and house were largely confounded. Three stocking rates were compared: 7 birds/m(2) (n = 2450), 9 birds/m(2) (n = 3150) and 12 birds/m(2) in either small (n = 2450) or large (n = 4200) flocks. In addition, at 12 birds/m(2), in both small and large flocks, birds were subjected to either standard (SM) or modified (MM) management. MM flocks had nipple drinkers and no nest-box lights. Bone strength, fracture incidence, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, live weight, organ weights, serum creatine, serum osmolality, muscle pH and faecal corticosterone were measured on samples of birds at the end of the rearing period and at the end of lay. During the laying period, mortality, production and integument condition were recorded at regular intervals. Birds housed at 9 birds/m(2) had higher mortality than birds housed at 12 birds/m(2) by the end of lay, but not higher than birds housed at 7 birds/m(2). Birds housed at 7 and 9 birds/m(2) had lower percent liver weight, and worse plumage condition than most of the 12 bird/m(2) treatments. Modified management tended to improve plumage condition. There were no clear effects of flock size on the welfare indicators recorded. At the end of the rearing period fracture incidence was almost negligible and H:L ratio was within a normal range. By the end of lay fracture incidence was 60% and H:L ratio was high, with no treatment effect for either measure. This, together with information on faecal corticosterone, feather loss and mortality, suggests that the welfare of birds in all treatments was relatively poor by the end of lay.
Address	School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU and ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts NG20 9PF, England. c.j.nicol@bristol.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0007-1668	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16641024			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	65
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	Configural/holistic processing or differential element versus compound similarity			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	141-142
Keywords	Animals; Chickens; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception
Abstract	Before accepting a configural or holistic account of visual perception, one should be sure that an analytic (elemental) account does not provide an equal or better explanation of the results. I suggest that when one forms a compound of a color and a line orientation with one element previously trained as an S+ and the other as an S-, the resulting transfer found will depend on the relative salience of the two elements, and most important, the similarity of the compound to each of the training stimuli. Thus, if a line orientation is placed on a colored background (a separable compound), it will appear more like the colored field used in training, and color will control responding. However, if the line itself is colored (an integral compound), the compound will appear more like the line used in training, and line orientation will control responding. Not only does this account do a better job of explaining the data but it is simpler and it is testable.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15449103			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	229
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Author	Nelson, W.A.; Keirans, J.E.; Bell, J.F.; Clifford, C.M.
Title	Host-ectoparasite relationships			Type	Journal Article
Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Medical Entomology	Abbreviated Journal	J Med Entomol
Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	143-166
Keywords	Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Anoplura/physiology; *Arthropods; Birds/parasitology; Chickens/parasitology; Dermacentor/parasitology; Diptera; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Male; Mallophaga/physiology; Mice/parasitology; Mites/physiology; Reproduction; Sarcoptes scabiei/physiology; Sheep/parasitology; Skin/parasitology; Ticks/physiology; Toxins, Biological/toxicity; Trombiculidae/physiology
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-2585	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:808617			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2704
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Author	Chiandetti, C.; Regolin, L.; Sovrano, V.A.; Vallortigara, G.
Title	Spatial reorientation: the effects of space size on the encoding of landmark and geometry information			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	159-168
Keywords	Animals; Chickens/physiology; Feeding Behavior; Male; Orientation/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; *Space Perception
Abstract	The effects of the size of the environment on animals' spatial reorientation was investigated. Domestic chicks were trained to find food in a corner of either a small or a large rectangular enclosure. A distinctive panel was located at each of the four corners of the enclosures. After removal of the panels, chicks tested in the small enclosure showed better retention of geometrical information than chicks tested in the large enclosure. In contrast, after changing the enclosure from a rectangular-shaped to a square-shaped one, chicks tested in the large enclosure showed better retention of landmark (panels) information than chicks tested in the small enclosure. No differences in the encoding of the overall arrangement of landmarks were apparent when chicks were tested for generalisation in an enclosure differing from that of training in size together with a transformation (affine transformation) that altered the geometric relations between the target and the shape of the environment. These findings suggest that primacy of geometric or landmark information in reorientation tasks depends on the size of the experimental space, likely reflecting a preferential use of the most reliable source of information available during visual exploration of the environment.
Address	Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, Via S. Anastasio 12, 34123, Trieste, Italy. cchiandetti@univ.trieste.it
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17136416			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2433
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Author	Alexander, F.; Davies, M.E.
Title	Studies on vitamin B12 in the horse			Type	Journal Article
Year	1969	Publication	The British veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Br. Vet. J.
Volume	125	Issue	4	Pages	169-176
Keywords	Animals; Biological Assay; Cattle; Chickens; Feces/analysis; Horses/metabolism; Humans; Lactobacillus/metabolism; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Urine/analysis; Vitamin B 12/analysis
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0007-1935	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:5814055			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	116
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Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
Title	Stimulus relevance in the control of drinking and conditioned fear responses in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
Year	1972	Publication	Journal of comparative and physiological psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Physiol Psychol
Volume	80	Issue	2	Pages	175-198
Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception; Chickens; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Drinking Behavior; Electroshock; Fear; Light; Motor Activity; Photic Stimulation; Punishment; Quinine; *Sound; Taste; Visual Perception
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0021-9940	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:5047826			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	390
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Author	Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A.
Title	Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules			Type	Journal Article
Year	1997	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	39	Issue	2	Pages	177-185
Keywords	Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens
Abstract	Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3603
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Author	Palleroni, A.; Hauser, M.; Marler, P.
Title	Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	200-210
Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Body Size; Chickens; Female; Food Chain; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Predatory Behavior; *Recognition (Psychology); Risk Assessment
Abstract	Past studies of galliform anti-predator behavior show that they discriminate between aerial and ground predators, producing distinctive, functionally referential vocalizations to each class. Within the category of aerial predators, however, studies using overhead models, video images and observations of natural encounters with birds of prey report little evidence that galliforms discriminate between different raptor species. This pattern suggests that the aerial alarm response may be triggered by general features of objects moving in the air. To test whether these birds are also sensitive to more detailed differences between raptor species, adult chickens with young were presented with variously sized trained raptors (small, intermediate, large) under controlled conditions. In response to the small hawk, there was a decline in anti-predator aggression and in aerial alarm calling as the young grew older and less vulnerable to attack by a hawk of this size. During the same developmental period, responses to the largest hawk, which posed the smallest threat to the young at all stages, did not change; there were intermediate changes at this time in response to the middle-sized hawk. Thus the anti-predator behavior of the adult birds varied in an adaptive fashion, changing as a function of both chick age and risk. We discuss these results in light of current issues concerning the cognitive mechanisms underlying alarm calling behavior in animals.
Address	Primate Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. aliparti@wjh.harvard.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15660209			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2496
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Author	Rogers, L.J.
Title	Evolution of hemispheric specialization: advantages and disadvantages			Type	Journal Article
Year	2000	Publication	Brain and Language	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Lang
Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	236-253
Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/physiology; Chickens/physiology; Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
Abstract	Lateralization of the brain appeared early in evolution and many of its features appear to have been retained, possibly even in humans. We now have a considerable amount of information on the different forms of lateralization in a number of species, and the commonalities of these are discussed, but there has been relatively little investigation of the advantages of being lateralized. This article reports new findings on the differences between lateralized and nonlateralized chicks. The lateralized chicks were exposed to light for 24 h on day 19 of incubation, a treatment known to lead to lateralization of a number of visually guided responses, and the nonlateralized chicks were incubated in the dark. When they were feeding, the lateralized chicks were found to detect a stimulus resembling a raptor with shorter latency than nonlateralized chicks. This difference was not a nonspecific effect caused by the light-exposed chicks being more distressed by the stimulus. Instead, it appears to be a genuine advantage conferred by having a lateralized brain. It is suggested that having a lateralized brain allows dual attention to the tasks of feeding (right eye and left hemisphere) and vigilance for predators (left eye and right hemisphere). Nonlateralized chicks appear to perform these dual tasks less efficiently than lateralized ones. Reference is made to other species in discussing these results.
Address	Division of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. lrogers@metz.une.edu.au
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0093-934X	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10856176			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4621
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Author	Croney, C.C.; Prince-Kelly, N.; Meller, C.L.
Title	A note on social dominance and learning ability in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume	105	Issue	1-3	Pages	254-259
Keywords	Chickens; Learning; Dominance
Abstract	Relatively little is known about the relationship between social behavior and specific cognitive abilities of the chicken. It is uncertain whether dominant birds have a cognitive advantage over subordinate birds that might facilitate their superior position in the social hierarchy. Likewise, it is unknown whether subordinate birds compete successfully with higher ranking birds because their cognitive capacities compensate for physical deficits. In this study, the relationship between the chicken's position in the dominance hierarchy and its performance on a cognitive task was explored. Ten pairs of New Hampshire domestic roosters (Gallus gallus) were observed to determine dominance or subordinance within dyads. All birds were then trained and tested on a visual discrimination learning task. Discriminative stimuli were orange and green plastic discs. Correct stimuli (orange or green) were randomly assigned to birds. Placement of the discs (left or right of center) was also randomly assigned and counterbalanced to avoid a side bias. Birds were rewarded with food for pecking at the correct disc. Criterion for task completion was 80% correct responses on three consecutive test sessions or 86% correct on two consecutive sessions. All subjects met the test criterion. The number of trials to criterion was compared between dominant and subordinate birds using a paired t-test. No difference was found in performance between dominant and subordinate birds (p > 0.05) suggesting that in chickens, ability to learn a novel visual discrimination task is not well correlated with rank. Additional studies, particularly using different learning paradigms, are needed to confirm these results.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language		Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN		ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes				Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	284
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