Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
Title	The representation of social relations by monkeys			Type	Journal Article
Year	1990	Publication	Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Cognition
Volume	37	Issue	1-2	Pages	167-196
Keywords	Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops/psychology; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Macaca fascicularis/psychology; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment
Abstract	Monkeys recognize the social relations that exist among others in their group. They know who associates with whom, for example, and other animals' relative dominance ranks. In addition, monkeys appear to compare types of social relations and make same/different judgments about them. In captivity, longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) trained to recognize the relation between one adult female and her offspring can identify the same relation among other mother-offspring pairs, and distinguish this relation from bonds between individuals who are related in a different way. In the wild, if a vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) has seen a fight between a member of its own family and a member of Family X, this increases the likelihood that it will act aggressively toward another member of Family X. Vervets act as if they recognize some similarity between their own close associates and the close associates of others. To make such comparisons the monkeys must have some way of representing the properties of social relationships. We discuss the adaptive value of such representations, the information they contain, their structure, and their limitations.
Address	Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0010-0277	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:2269006			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	702
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Author	Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L.
Title	Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlates of social dominance and contexts of aggression			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	170-177
Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses/psychology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; *Social Environment; Statistics, Nonparametric
Abstract	Factors related to dominance rank and the functions of aggression were studied in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding. Dominance relationships among mares were clear, irrespective of rank difference, and remained stable after introduction of the stallion. The dominance hierarchy was significantly linear and rank was positively correlated with age and total aggressiveness. Higher-ranking mares received lower frequency and intensity of agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, higher-ranking dominants were not more likely to elicit submission from their subordinates than lower-ranking dominants. Neither close-ranking mares nor mares with less clear dominance relationships were more aggressive towards each other. Agonistic interactions seemed to be used more importantly in regulation of space than to obtain access to food or to reassert dominance relationships. Contexts of aggression were related to mare rank. The results suggest that dominance relationships based on age as a conventional criterion were established to reduce aggressiveness in a herd where the costs of aggression are likely to outweigh the benefits.
Address	Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16815645			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	292
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Author	Bering, J.M.
Title	A critical review of the “enculturation hypothesis”: the effects of human rearing on great ape social cognition			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	201-212
Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Culture; Hominidae/psychology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); Intention; Macaca; Psychological Theory; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Species Specificity
Abstract	Numerous investigators have argued that early ontogenetic immersion in sociocultural environments facilitates cognitive developmental change in human-reared great apes more characteristic of Homo sapiens than of their own species. Such revamping of core, species-typical psychological systems might be manifest, according to this argument, in the emergence of mental representational competencies, a set of social cognitive skills theoretically consigned to humans alone. Human-reared great apes' capacity to engage in “true imitation,” in which both the means and ends of demonstrated actions are reproduced with fairly high rates of fidelity, and laboratory great apes' failure to do so, has frequently been interpreted as reflecting an emergent understanding of intentionality in the former. Although this epigenetic model of the effects of enculturation on social cognitive systems may be well-founded and theoretically justified in the biological literature, alternative models stressing behavioral as opposed to representational change have been largely overlooked. Here I review some of the controversy surrounding enculturation in great apes, and present an alternative nonmentalistic version of the enculturation hypothesis that can also account for enhanced imitative performance on object-oriented problem-solving tasks in human-reared animals.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. jbering@uark.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15004739			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2543
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Author	Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.
Title	Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions			Type	Journal Article
Year	1997	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
Volume	41	Issue	3	Pages	213-228
Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological
Abstract	This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition.
Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:9057966			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	203
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Author	Tomasello, M.; Call, J.
Title	The role of humans in the cognitive development of apes revisited			Type	Journal Article
Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	213-215
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Culture; Hominidae/psychology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); Intention; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Species Specificity
Abstract
Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. tomas@eva.mpg.de
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:15278733			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2517
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Author	Biro, D.; Inoue-Nakamura, N.; Tonooka, R.; Yamakoshi, G.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T.
Title	Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	213-223
Keywords	Animals; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Culture; Diffusion of Innovation; Feeding Behavior/psychology; Female; Functional Laterality; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motor Skills; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment
Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the most proficient and versatile users of tools in the wild. How such skills become integrated into the behavioural repertoire of wild chimpanzee communities is investigated here by drawing together evidence from three complementary approaches in a group of oil-palm nut- ( Elaeis guineensis) cracking chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. First, extensive surveys of communities adjacent to Bossou have shown that population-specific details of tool use, such as the selection of species of nuts as targets for cracking, cannot be explained purely on the basis of ecological differences. Second, a 16-year longitudinal record tracing the development of nut-cracking in individual chimpanzees has highlighted the importance of a critical period for learning (3-5 years of age), while the similar learning contexts experienced by siblings have been found to result in near-perfect (13 out of 14 dyads) inter-sibling correspondence in laterality. Third, novel data from field experiments involving the introduction of unfamiliar species of nuts to the Bossou group illuminates key aspects of both cultural innovation and transmission. We show that responses of individuals toward the novel items differ markedly with age, with juveniles being the most likely to explore. Furthermore, subjects are highly specific in their selection of conspecifics as models for observation, attending to the nut-cracking activities of individuals in the same age group or older, but not younger than themselves. Together with the phenomenon of inter-community migration, these results demonstrate a mechanism for the emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees.
Address	Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. dora.biro@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:12898285			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2560
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Author	Loveland, K.A.
Title	Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations			Type	Journal Article
Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	254-257
Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception
Abstract
Address	Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:8521267			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4161
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Author	Zentall, T.R.
Title	Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	335-353
Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Motivation; Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology)
Abstract	Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17024510			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	217
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Author	Devenport, J.A.; Patterson, M.R.; Devenport, L.D.
Title	*Dynamic averaging and foraging decisions in horses (Equus callabus)*			Type	Journal Article
Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Comparative psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume	119	Issue	3	Pages	352-358
Keywords	Animals; Decision Making; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/psychology; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Motivation; Orientation; *Social Environment
Abstract	The variability of most environments taxes foraging decisions by increasing the uncertainty of the information available. One solution to the problem is to use dynamic averaging, as do some granivores and carnivores. Arguably, the same strategy could be useful for grazing herbivores, even though their food renews and is more homogeneously distributed. Horses (Equus callabus) were given choices between variable patches after short or long delays. When patch information was current, horses returned to the patch that was recently best, whereas those without current information matched choices to the long-term average values of the patches. These results demonstrate that a grazing species uses dynamic averaging and indicate that, like granivores and carnivores, they can use temporal weighting to optimize foraging decisions.
Address	Department of Psychology, University of Central Oklahoma, 73034, USA. jdevenport@ucok.edu
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16131264			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	752
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Author	Larose, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.; Rogers, L.J.
Title	Laterality of horses associated with emotionality in novel situations			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	Laterality	Abbreviated Journal	Laterality
Volume	11	Issue	4	Pages	355-367
Keywords	Affect/physiology; Animals; Brain/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Horses; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment
Abstract	We have established that lateral biases are characteristic of visual behaviour in 65 horses. Two breeds, Trotters and French Saddlebreds aged 2 to 3, were tested on a novel object test. The main finding was a significant correlation between emotionality index and the eye preferred to view the novel stimulus: the higher the emotionality, the more likely that the horse looked with its left eye. The less emotive French Saddlebreds, however, tended to glance at the object using the right eye, a tendency that was not found in the Trotters, although the emotive index was the same for both breeds. The youngest French Saddlebreds did not show this trend. These results are discussed in relation to the different training practices for the breeds and broader findings on lateralisation in different species.
Address	Universite de Rennes 1, France
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1357-650X	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:16754236			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	1826
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