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Author Kenward, B.; Rutz, C.; Weir, A.A.S.; Kacelnik, A. doi  openurl
  Title Development of tool use in New Caledonian crows: inherited action patterns and social influences Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 72 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1329-1343  
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  Abstract New Caledonian crows, Corvus moneduloides, are the most advanced avian tool makers and tool users. We previously reported that captive-bred isolated New Caledonian crows spontaneously use twig tools and cut tools out of Pandanus spp. tree leaves, an activity possibly under cultural influence in the wild. However, what aspects of these behaviours are inherited and how they interact with individual and social experience remained unknown. To examine the interaction between inherited traits, individual learning and social transmission, we observed the ontogeny of twig tool use in hand-reared juveniles. Successful food retrieval was preceded by stereotyped object manipulation action patterns that resembled components of the mature behaviour, demonstrating that tool-oriented behaviours in this species are an evolved specialization. However, there was also an effect of social learning: juveniles that had received demonstrations of twig tool use by their human foster parent showed higher levels of handling and insertion of twigs than did their naive counterparts; a choice experiment showed that they preferred to handle objects that they had seen being manipulated by their human foster parent. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that individual learning, cultural transmission and creative problem solving all contribute to the acquisition of the tool-oriented behaviours in the wild, but inherited species-typical action patterns have a greater role than has been recognized.  
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  Call Number Serial 2103  
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Author Roberts, J.; Kacelnik, A.; Hunter, M.L. url  openurl
  Title A model of sound interference in relation to acoustic communication Type Journal Article
  Year 1979 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 27 Issue Part 4 Pages (down) 1271-1273  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2124  
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Author Reboreda, J.C.; Kacelnik, A. url  openurl
  Title On cooperation, tit-for-tat and mirros Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1188-1189  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2117  
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Author Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. url  doi
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  Title Starlings' preferences for predictable and unpredictable delays to food Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 53 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1129-1142  
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  Abstract Risk-sensitive foraging theory is based on the premise that unpredictable runs of good or bad luck can cause a variable food source to differ in fitness value from a fixed food source yielding the same average rate of gain but no unpredictability. Thus, risk-sensitive predictions are dependent on the food intake from variable sources being not only variable but also unpredictable or `risky' in outcome. This study tested whether unpredictability is a component of the value that foraging starlings,Sturnus vulgarisattribute to food sources that are variable in the delay to obtain food. Two groups of birds chose between a fixed and a variable delay option; the variable option was unpredictable in the risky group and predictable in the risk-free group in the overall rate of intake it yielded. In both groups the fixed option was adjusted by titration to quantify the magnitude of preference for predictable and unpredictable variance. On negative energy budgets both groups were significantly risk-prone, with the risky group being significantly more risk-prone than the risk-free group. Switching the birds to positive budgets by doubling the size of each food reward had no significant effect on preference, and similar trends to those found with negative budgets were observed. These results are not readily explained by risk-sensitive foraging theory, but may be explained by the algorithm used by the birds to attribute value to average expected rewards.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2108  
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Author Cuthill, I.; Kacelnik, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Central place foraging: a reappraisal of the `loading effect' Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1087-1101  
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  Abstract Animals that provision a central place usually bring back larger loads when foraging far from home. This positive correlation between average load size and distance is typically explained as rate-maximizing behaviour in the face of a trade-off between travel costs and a decelerating rate of prey gain in food patches (the `loading effect'). By using feeders to provide wild parent starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, with constant rates of prey loading, a positive load-distance correlation was shown to exist in the absence of a loading effect (experiment I). However, in a laboratory simulation where no load was transported (experiment II). the average number of prey eaten in patch visits by self-feeding starlings was invariant with travel distance, so the explanation of the load-distance correlation in experiment I must lie in featues peculiar to central place foraging. Bottlenecks in ingestion by chicks and interruption by visual detection of nest disturbance (experiment III) were rejected as causes of the correlation. Risks of dropping prey in flight appeared low, but the risk of kleptoparasitism received weak support. The travel-load size correlation may be an adaptive response to load transport costs, as return travel times increased with the load size being carried (experiment IV).  
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  Call Number Serial 2116  
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Author Cassini, M.H.; Kacelnik, A.; Segura, E.T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The tale of the screaming hairy armadillo, the guinea pig and the marginal value theorem Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 39 Issue 6 Pages (down) 1030-1050  
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  Abstract Foraging by screaming hairy armadillos, Chaetophractus vellerosus, and guinea pigs, Cavia porcellus, was studied in the laboratory. The main question was whether patch exploitation varies with overall capture rate as predicted by the marginal value theorem (MVT). Armadillos in experiment I and guinea pigs in experiment II experienced a single travel time between depleting patches of two kinds: good and poor. There were two treatments, which differed in the quality of poor patches. MVT predicts that within a treatment, more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and between treatments, good patches should be exploited in inverse relation to the quality of poor patches and poor patches should be exploited in direct relation to their own quality. In experiment III, guinea pigs experienced three treatments which differed in the travel requirement, while the two patch types remained the same. MVT predicts that within a treatment more prey should be taken from good than from poor patches and that between treatments more prey should be taken from both patch types as travel requirement increases. The qualitative predictions were supported in the three experiments. The quantitative fit was good but there was a bias towards more severe patch exploitation than predicted. The results indicate that in these species patch exploitation depends on overall food availability as predicted by the MVT when overall food availability differs either because of patch type composition or because of differences in travel requirement between patches.  
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  Call Number Serial 2120  
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Author Brunner, D.; Kacelnik, A.; Gibbon, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Memory for inter-reinforcement interval variability and patch departure decisions in the starling,Sturnus vulgaris Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 51 Issue 5 Pages (down) 1025-1045  
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  Abstract An experiment with starlings was conducted to investigate the effect of variability in inter-reinforcement intervals on foraging decisions. The experimental design simulated an environment in which food was distributed in patches. Patches contained zero to four food items which could be collected by pecking at a key. All patches ended with sudden depletion. The time elapsed since the last reinforcement was the only way to detect the depletion of the patch. Once a patch was depleted, a new patch could be reached by completion of a travel requirement of 20 flights between two perches. Key pecks within a patch and the time of the last response in a patch (giving-in time) were recorded. The level of variability in the inter-reinforcement intervals was varied between different conditions. An increase in inter-reinforcement interval variability resulted in a flattening of response rate functions and giving-in time distributions, and in more asymmetry of the response functions, but not of the giving-in time distributions. Two theoretical models of decision making are presented, which differ in the assumptions about memory constraints. In one case, all inter-reinforcement intervals are remembered but in the other, only the intervals with extreme values are remembered. Both models accommodate response rates as a function of trial time, but only the second is compatible with the observed departure decision. Our results are compatible with net rate maximization.  
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  Call Number Serial 2109  
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Author Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A. doi  openurl
  Title Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 297 Issue 5583 Pages (down) 981  
  Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Female; Male; Songbirds/*physiology  
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  Address Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:12169726 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2842  
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Author Kacelnik, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Information primacy or preference for familiar foraging techniques? A critique of Inglis & Ferguson Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 35 Issue 3 Pages (down) 925-926  
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  Call Number Serial 2121  
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Author Schuck-Paim, C.; Kacelnik, A. url  openurl
  Title Rationality in risk-sensitive foraging choices by starlings Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 64 Issue 6 Pages (down) 869-879  
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  Abstract Normative models of choice usually predict preferences between alternatives by computing their value according to some criterion, then identifying the alternative with greatest value. An important consequence of this procedure is captured in the economic concept of rationality, defined through a number of principles that are necessary for the existence of an ordinal scale of value upon which organisms base their choices. Violations of these principles, such as some recently reported breaches of transitivity and regularity in birds and honeybees, have strong implications for the understanding of decision mechanisms in humans and nonhumans alike. We investigated rationality in risky choice using European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. Birds had to choose between two or three food sources, each associated with a different variance in delay to reward. In three experiments, starlings were strongly risk prone, showing regular and consistent preferences in binary and trinary choices. Preferences also satisfied weak and strong stochastic transitivity. Our results extend the generality of previous research in risk-sensitive foraging to situations where more than two alternatives are present and suggest that violations of rationality in risk-sensitive choices may be expressed only under restricted sets of conditions. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2106  
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