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Kroodsma, D. E., & Miller, E. H. (Eds.). (1996). Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
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Heyes, C., & Galef, B. G. (Eds.). (1996). Social learning in animals: the roots of culture. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
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Feh, C., Enchbold, S., & Munchtuya, B. (1996). Preliminary assessment of the Gurvan Saikhan National Conservation Park's potential for Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus). GTZ, .
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King, S. R. B. (1996). The social behaviour of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses under free-ranging conditions. Queen Mary and Westfield College, .
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Sommer, H., Barz, A., & Lindner, A. (1996). Testing horses for character and temperament. Tierärztl. Umschau, .
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Dixon, J. C. (1996). Pattern discrimination, learning-set and memory in a pony. Proceedings of the Paper Presented at the Midwestern ..?, .
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Kruska, D. (1996). The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison). J Zool, 239.
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Zentall, T. R., Sutton, J. E., & Sherburne, L. M. (1996). True imitative learning in pigeons. Psychol Sci, 7.
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Levin, L. E. (1996). Passage order through different pathways in groups of schooling fish, and the diversified leadership hypothesis. Behav. Process., 37(1), 1–8.
Abstract: The diversified leadership hypothesis proposes that different individuals within a school of fish act as leaders in different circumstances. This `circumstantial leadership' results from inter-individual behavioral variability and a `cohesion-dispersion' tendency modulated by `failure-success' contingencies. The hypothesis predicts that when offered different pathways to escape the restriction of their swimming space, individuals within a group of fish will show 1. (a) consistent passage orders in each pathway, but2. (b) different passage orders in different pathways. Using an avoidance paddle and three different groups of fish (Aphyocharax erithrurus) the results confirmed prediction 1. (a) while prediction2. (b) was verified only in one group.
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Tebbich, S., Taborsky, M., & Winkler, H. (1996). Social manipulation causes cooperation in keas.52(1), 1–10.
Abstract: Abstract. This study assessed whether keas,Nestor notabilis, are able to cooperate in an instrumental task. Seven birds of a captive group were tested in group situations and in dyads. At least two individuals had to manipulate an apparatus to obtain food but only one participant was rewarded. One bird had to push down a lever to enable another one to collect food from a box. The distribution of the two different roles was clearly dependent on hierarchy. The higher ranking individual always obtained the reward and each bird changed its role according to dominance status. Owing to the non-linear hierarchy in the group, each bird participating in cooperative interactions had at least one submissive partner. Therefore, in group situations the reward was distributed symmetrically and cooperation was persistent. In dyadic test situations, three individual keas aggressively manipulated their respective subordinate partners to open the apparatus. Their dominance status enabled them to force cooperation.
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