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Yamada, T., Rojanasuphot, S., Takagi, M., Wungkobkiat, S., & Hirota, T. (1971). Studies on an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis in the northern region of Thailand in 1969 and 1970. Biken J, 14(3), 267–296.
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Altmann, H. J., & Weik, H. (1971). [Serum fatty acid patterns of phospholipid fractions in horses]. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd, 28(5), 285–288.
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Ogbourne, C. P. (1971). Variations in the fecundity of strongylid worms of the horse. Parasitology, 63(2), 289–298.
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Hamilton, W. D. (1971). Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol., 31(2), 295–311.
Abstract: This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator.
It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others.
Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations.
The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value.
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Blendinger, W. (1971). Psychologie und Verhaltensweise des Pferdes.
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Epstein H,. (1971). Wild Ass. In Epstein: The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. II, , 378–381.
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Epstein H,. (1971). Descent and origin of the ass. (pp. 394–398).
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Epstein H,. (1971). Wild horses – Recent and extinct. In In: The origin of the domestic animals of Africa II (pp. 401–417).
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BOUISSOU MF et al,. (1971). Intercommunications chez les ongules. J Psychol normale et pathologieque, 3-4, 415.
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Vaerman, J. P., Querinjean, P., & Heremans, J. F. (1971). Studies on the IgA System of the Horse. Immunol., (21), 443.
Abstract: Equine serum and secretions were found to contain a protein which
cross-reacted with an antiserum against human IgA, but not with antisera against
any other human immunoglobulin. The physicochemical properties of equint
IgA resembled those of human IgA. IgA was found to be the immunoglobulin
having the highest secretion vs serum concentration ratio in equine lacteal and salivary
secretions, and to be the protein produced by the majority of immunoglobulin-
containing cells in the lamina propria of the equine intestine.
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