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Author Rapaport, L.; King, N.E. url  openurl
  Title The behavioral research program at the Washington Park Zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages (up) 57-66  
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  Abstract For the past decade, the Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon, has had an active behavioral research program. The research department is both a zoo-supported research facility for visiting researchers and staff, and an educational facility that teaches practical behavioral research methods to undergraduates. The research education program utilizes students from any of a dozen local colleges and universities. Students receive academic credit for their participation. Active keeper-participation plays a major role in many research projects. Not only does keeper-cooperation facilitate research, but their knowledge of the individual animals often proves invaluable. In addition to involvement in student projects, keepers have also conducted their own research projects.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2324  
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Author Mcinnis Ml, V.M. openurl 
  Title Dietary relationships among feral horses, cattle, and pronhorn in southeastern Oregon Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal J Range Mgmt  
  Volume 40 Issue Pages (up) 60-66  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1379  
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Author Penzhorn Bl, G.R. openurl 
  Title Incisor wear in free – ranging Cape mountain zebras Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal S Afr J Wildl Res  
  Volume 17 Issue Pages (up) 99-102  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1461  
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Author Rumbaugh, D.M.; Savage-Rumbaugh, S.; Hegel, M.T. openurl 
  Title Summation in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages (up) 107-115  
  Keywords Animals; Choice Behavior; *Cognition; Male; *Mathematics; *Pan troglodytes; Visual Perception  
  Abstract In this research, we asked whether 2 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) subjects could reliably sum across pairs of quantities to select the greater total. Subjects were allowed to choose between two trays of chocolates. Each tray contained two food wells. To select the tray containing the greater number of chocolates, it was necessary to sum the contents of the food wells on each tray. In experiments where food wells contained from zero to four chocolates, the chimpanzees chose the greater value of the summed wells on more than 90% of the trials. In the final experiment, the maximum number of chocolates assigned to a food well was increased to five. Choice of the tray containing the greater sum still remained above 90%. In all experiments, subjects reliably chose the greater sum, even though on many trials a food well on the “incorrect” tray held more chocolates than either single well on the “correct” tray. It was concluded that without any known ability to count, these chimpanzees used some process of summation to combine spatially separated quantities. Speculation regarding the basis for summation includes consideration of perceptual fusion of pairs of quantities and subitization.  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:3572305 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2785  
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Kane, L. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Play development in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) foals Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages (up) 119-131  
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  Abstract The structure of the play of colts and fillies living on pasture was studied from birth (n = 15) for up to 24 weeks. Foal play was categorized as running and bucking alone, running and bucking in a group, interactive (contact or combat) play, play with an object, and play at an adult. The rate of play decreased with increasing age and ambient temperature. Fillies and colts played with equal frequency, but engaged in some different types of play at different rates. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the proportion of play bouts of running and bucking in a group or playing with an object. Fillies engaged in running and bucking alone more than colts. Colts engaged in interactive play and play at an adult more than fillies. While there was no significant difference between colts and fillies in the duration of either type of running and bucking play, the interactive play bouts of colts were significantly longer than those of fillies. Both mares and stallions were tolerant of foal play which involved use of their body as a play object, including mounting play. Both fillies and colts engaged in mounting play. Foals used various natural objects found in the pasture for repeated bouts of play with inanimate objects, a behaviour which may explain, from a developmental perspective, the occasional use of “tools” in adult equids. The sex differences in type of play were consistent with the social structure of unmanaged adults in which males must compete with each other in order to associate with females.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2274  
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Author Penzhorn Bl, openurl 
  Title Descriptions of incisors of known – age Cape Mountain Zebras from the Mountain Zebra National park Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal Onderstepoort J vet Res  
  Volume 54 Issue Pages (up) 135-141  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1459  
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Author Sherwin, C.M.; Johnson, K.G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The influence of social factors on the use of shade by sheep Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages (up) 143-155  
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  Abstract Individual differences in shading behaviour within a flock of sheep could be due to differences in thermoregulatory capabilities or to the influence of social factors. The possible influence of social factors on shade-use is examined in this paper. Two measures of dominance were made on 39 Merino wethers. These were based on the hierarchy determined by butting during feeding and on priority of access to limited feed. Leadership was also assessed while driving the sheep to a woolshed and as the sheep entered weighing scales. These behavioural traits were compared with leadership to shade and shade-use observed on 9 days during summer in a small pastureless enclosure containing natural shade. Maximum ambient temperature on these 9 days varied between 29.0 and 39.5[degree sign]C. All behavioural traits examined were significantly repeatable. The two dominance ranks were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The butting hierarchy was correlated with shading behaviour; those sheep that butted the larger proportion of the flock were seen to shade for longer periods of time (P=0.05). This relationship became more significant as environmental temperature increased. Significant (P<0.05) differences in the amount of time each sheep spent shading were evident throughout the flock, but in particular seven individuals shaded much less than others. Shade-use increased in hot weather and was slightly more strongly correlated with radiation load than with air temperature. The non-shading leadership ranks were related neither to each other nor to the leadership to shade. However, the sheep that moved to shade first remained there longest (P<0.05). Reduced motivation to feed did not appear to explain early movement to shade. Few overtly aggressive or other interactions between animals were seen to be associated with movements to or within shade. Nonetheless, the results indicate that social forces do exert some influence on shade-use.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 Serial 2037  
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Author Rutberg, A.T. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Ethology Abbreviated Journal Ethology  
  Volume 75 Issue 2 Pages (up) 145-154  
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  Abstract Abstract Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization.  
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  Publisher Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0179-1613 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00648.x Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6417  
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Author Terrace, H.S. doi  openurl
  Title Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 325 Issue 7000 Pages (up) 149-151  
  Keywords Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male  
  Abstract A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence.  
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  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:3808071 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2792  
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Author Tomasello, M.; Davis-Dasilva, M.; Camak, L.; Bard, K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal Human Evolution  
  Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages (up) 175-183  
  Keywords Chimpanzees; Observational Learning; Tool-Use  
  Abstract In the current study two groups of young chimpanzees (4–6 and 8–9 years old) were given a T-bar and a food item that could only be reached by using the T-bar. Experimental subjects were given the opportunity to observe an adult using the stick as a tool to obtain the food; control subjects were exposed to the adult but were given no demonstration. Subjects in the older group did not learn to use the tool. Subjects in the younger group who were exposed to the demonstrator learned to use the stick as a tool much more readily than those who were not. None of the subjects demonstrated an ability to imitatively copy the demonstrator's precise behavioral strategies. More than simple stimulus enhancement was involved, however, since both groups manipulated the T-bar, but only experimental subjects used it in its function as a tool. Our findings complement naturalistic observations in suggesting that chimpanzee tool-use is in some sense «culturally transmitted» — though perhaps not in the same sense as social-conventional behaviors for which precise copying of conspecifics is crucial.  
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  Publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0393-9375 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5915  
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