| Records |
| Author |
Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L. |
| Title |
Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages  |
251-265 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/*growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning |
| Abstract |
In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior. |
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English |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:7262467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4170 |
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| Author |
Joynson, R. B. |
| Title |
Towards understanding relationships, by Robert A. Hinde. London: Academic, 1979, pp xii + 367 |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Aggressive Behavior |
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7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
275-280 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4813 |
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| Author |
Leblanc Ma, B.M. |
| Title |
Mise au point d`une épreuve destinée de la reconnaissance du jeune par la mère chez chaval |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Beh |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
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Pages |
283-290 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1342 |
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| Author |
Prescott J, |
| Title |
Suckling behavior of Llama and Chapman's Zebra in captivity |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Ethol |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
293-299 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1483 |
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| Author |
Berger J, |
| Title |
The role of risks in mammalian combat: Zebra and onager fights |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
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Z Tierpsychol 56 |
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297-304 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
936 |
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| Author |
Partridge, B.L. |
| Title |
Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Physiol Sensory Neural Behav Physiol |
| Volume |
144 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
313-325 |
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| Abstract |
The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:1.Saithe match changes in both swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously (Partridge et al. 1980) nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity.2.Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their first two nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish's neighbors demonstrates that a fish's correlation to his second nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2.3.Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except one, that of preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not “better schoolers” than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor positioning were found.4.Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) of the cross-correlations of fishs' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain more than 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction nonetheless remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of one group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered. |
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no |
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2063 |
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| Author |
Beaver Bv, |
| Title |
Maternal behavior in mares |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Med Small Anim Clin |
| Volume |
76 |
Issue |
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Pages |
315-317 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
924 |
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| Author |
Groves Cp, W.D. |
| Title |
Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Equus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Mammalia |
| Volume |
45 |
Issue |
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Pages |
321-354 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1137 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
| Title |
Equine behavior problems in relation to humane management |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Int. J. Stud. Anim Prob. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
329-337 |
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| Notes |
Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4521 |
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| Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
| Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
| Volume |
193 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-354 |
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Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5455 |
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