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Author | Obergfell, J. | ||||
Title | Einf lus s v on St ruktur e l ement en auf da s Li eg ev e rha l t en v on Pf e rden in Gruppenha l tung unt e r Be rücks i cht igung de s Ag g r e s s i ons v e rha l t ens | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages ![]() |
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Keywords | Pferde, Ruheverhalten, Liegeverhalten, Aggressionsverhalten, Strukturelemente, Rangordnung [horses, rest behavior, lying behavior, aggression behavior, structural elements, rank order] | ||||
Abstract | Durch die vorliegende Studie wurde der Einfluss von Strukturelementen auf das Liege- und Aggressionsverhalten von Pferden in Gruppenhaltung untersucht. Die Strukturelemente sollten Rückzugsmöglichkeiten bieten, sowie in ihrem Bereich zur Aufhebung der Individualdistanz führen und dadurch die Fläche relativ vergrößern. Für die Versuche stellte das Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach drei unabhängige Pferdegruppen mit verschiedener Herdengröße zur Verfügung, die jeweils in Einraum- Innenlaufställen gehalten wurden. Die Datenerfassung fand zwischen 23 und sieben Uhr statt. Insgesamt wurden 366 Stunden Videomaterial ausgewertet. Beim Ruheverhalten wurden mit Hilfe des event-sampling- Verfahrens die Parameter Gesamtliegedauer, Dauer in Seitenlage, Dauer der Einzelphasen in Seitenlage und Abliegehäufigkeit pro Nacht erfasst. Es wurden Versuchsphasen ohne Strukturelemente und mit hängenden Planen als Strukturierung durchgeführt. Im ersten Stall kamen außerdem über einander gestapelte Strohballen zum Einsatz. Diese Art der Strukturierung stellte sich jedoch als nicht praktikabel heraus und führte im Vergleich zu den Planen zu einer signifikanten Verschlechterung der Gesamtliegedauer. In Stall 1 konnte man eine tendenzielle Verbesserung der Parameter Gesamtliegedauer und Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage durch das Anbringen von Planen sehen. In Stall 3 dagegen verschlechterte sich das Ruheverhalten in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen gegenüber den Versuchsphasen ohne Struktur. Die Werte der Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage nahmen signifikant ab. In Stall 2 zeigten sich keine Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Möglicherweise ist die Wirkung der Strukturelemente auf das Liegeverhalten abhängig von der Flächengröße. Stall 1 hatte bezogen auf die Leitlinien des BMELV die größte und Stall 3 die kleinste Fläche. Bei den anderen Parametern des Liegeverhaltens gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Mit Hilfe des time-sampling-Verfahrens wurde die Anzahl gleichzeitig liegender Pferde und gleichzeitig liegender Pferde in Seitenlage bestimmt. Auch hier zeigten sich keine Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Versuchsphasen. Bei der Gegenüberstellung der Werte der Gesamtliegedauer und der Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage mit dem Alter der Pferde (Stall 1 und Stall 3) und mit dem Integrationszeitpunkt (Stall 1) konnte kein Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Beim Aggressionsverhalten wurden mit Hilfe des event-sampling-Verfahrens in den Ställen 2 und 3 verschiedene Arten von Aggressionen erfasst, die dann in die drei Intensitätsgrade Low-Level-, Mid-Level- und High-Level- Aggressionen unterteilt wurden. Neben der Anzahl wurde die Dauer der verschiedenen Aggressionen bewertet. Insgesamt konnte eine positive Wirkung der Planen auf das Aggressionsverhalten beobachtet werden. Die Gesamtanzahl an Aggressionen nahm in beiden Ställen tendenziell in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen ab. In Stall 3 konnte, wenn man die Aggressionen stundenweise betrachtet, ein signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden. Auch der Hinterhandschlag und die Aggressionen, welche das Ruheverhalten stören, verringerten sich tendenziell nach dem Anbringen von Strukturelementen. In beiden Ställen nahm die relative Häufigkeit von Mid-Level-Aggressionen nach dem Anbringen von Planen zu. Dagegen konnte bei den High-Level-Aggressionen und in Stall 3 bei den Low-Level- Aggressionen eine relative Abnahme beobachtet werden. Sowohl die Anzahl als auch die Dauer der Mid-Level-Aggressionen verringerten sich in Stall 3 stundenweise betrachtet signifikant in den Versuchsphasen mit Planen. In Stall 2 war bei den High-Level- Aggressionen sowohl bei der Dauer als auch bei der Anzahl eine signifikante Abnahme zu sehen. Wenn man das Aggressionsverhalten in Bezug zu der Fläche in den zwei Ställen betrachtet, schien diese vor allem einen Einfluss auf die High-Level-Aggressionen zu nehmen. Mit Hilfe des Rangindex der Pferde im Stall 3 wurde eine Rangordnung aufgestellt. Zwischen dem Platz der Pferde in der Rangordnung und den Parametern des Ruheverhaltens (Gesamtliegedauer, Gesamtdauer in Seitenlage) sowie dem Alter der Pferde konnte kein Zusammenhang festgestellt werden. Zwischen dem Rangindex und der Gesamtanzahl an Aggressionen bestand dagegen ein hoch signifikanter Zusammenhang. Im Rahmen dieser Studie ist das Anbringen von Strukturelementen in Bezug auf das Aggressionsverhalten in Einraum-Innenlaufställen von Pferden zu empfehlen. Die Wirkung auf das Liegeverhalten der Pferde sollte in weiteren Studien untersucht werden. [In this study the influence of structural elements on lying and aggression behavior in horses kept in groups was exanimated. Structural elements should offer the possibility of retreat. Furthermore, within the respective area, the individual distance should be limited, thus increasing the overall space relatively. For the studies the “Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach” provided three non-related groups of different sized horses, each kept in separate “Einraum-Innenlaufställen”. Data collection took place between 11 pm and 7 am. Altogether, 366 hours of video material were analyzed. Using the event-sampling-method, the following parameters within the horses´ resting behavior were determined: The total lying period, the total lying period in lateral position, the periods of the single lying in lateral position and the frequency of lying down. Test phases were carried out without structural elements and with hanging canvases as structural elements. In the first stable there were also three bales of straw piled up on top of each other. This kind of structuring emerged as impractical and in comparison to the canvas, led to a significant deterioration to the total period of lying. After the canvases were fixed in the first stable, a slight improvement with the parameters of total lying period and total lying period in the lateral position could be seen. In contrast, the resting behavior in stable 3 worsened in the test phases with the canvases in comparison to the test phases without structural elements. The values for the total lying period in the lateral position decreased significantly. In stable 2, there were no differences in the different test phases. Possibly the effect of the structural elements is dependent of the space. Stable 1 had the largest space and stable 3 the least space referred to the guideline of the BMELV. The other parameters of the lying behavior showed no significant differences in the different test phases. The number of horses lying at the same time, and the number of horses lying at the same time in the lateral position were detected with the aid of the time-sampling-method. There were also no differences between the different test phases. If the values of the total lying period and the total lying period in lateral position were compared to the age of the horses (stable 1 and stable 3) and to the point of integration (stable 1), there was no correlation. Different kinds of aggression were detected by the means of the event-sampling-method in stable 2 and 3 and were subdivided into the three levels of intensity: Low-level-, mid-level and high-level-aggressions. Both the number and the duration of the different aggressions were evaluated. All in all a positive influence of the canvas on the aggression behavior could be observed. In both stables, the total number of aggressions decreased in the test phases with canvases. In stable 3 a significant difference could be detected, if the aggressions were observed per hour. Also hind limb kicks and aggressions disturbing the resting behavior, decreased by trend, after fixing the canvases in the stable. In both stables the relative frequency of mid-level-aggressions increased after the canvases were mounted. In contrast there was a relative decrease at the high-level-aggressions and in stable 3 at the low-levelaggressions. The number and the duration of the mid-level-aggressions in stable 3 decreased, when considered by the hour in the test phases with canvases. In stable 2 a significant decrease in duration and number of high-level-aggressions was observed. When examining aggression behavior in reference to space in the two stables, high-level-aggressions seemed to be mostly influenced. In stable 3 a rank order was established with the aid of the rank index of the horses. There was no correlation between the horses´ rank and the parameters of the resting behavior (the total lying period, the total lying period in lateral position) and between horses´ rank and age. In contrast, there was a high significant correlation between the rank index and the total number of aggressions. In context to this study, structural elements in “Einraum-Innenlaufställen” (BMELV 2009) seem to have a positive influence on the aggression behavior and thus seem to be recommendable. The influence on the lying behavior should be investigated in further studies.] |
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Karlsruhe | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5772 | ||
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Author | Wyss, C. | ||||
Title | Does housing in a „social box“ change faecal cortisol metabolites concentration in stallions? | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Keywords | housing system, stallions, social interaction, stress, faecal cortisol metabolites | ||||
Abstract | In order to improve the housing conditions of stallions in individual boxes by offering a possibility to have more social contact, the Swiss national stud farm tested a new box system for horses, allowing increased physical contact with the neighbouring stallion. The aim of this part of the study was to investigate whether this type of housing system (named “social box”) potentially induces a change in stress reactions in stallions compared to conventional boxes. Therefore faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentration was measured as a non-invasive parameter to assess endocrine responses related to this new environment. Four groups each consisting of eight adult Freiberger breeding stallions were included in the test design. Every stallion spent three weeks in a conventional box and in a social box respectively (cross-over design). The conventional box consisted of a separation wall with a lower opaque part and an upper part with vertical barriers (5 cm between barriers), allowing visual and olfactory contact but strongly limiting tactile contact. The separating wall of the social box consisted of two lateral sections, one part being opaque to the ceiling and the second part consisting of vertical barriers (30 cm between barriers), allowing the horse to have physical contact with its neighbour or to avoid it. In horses, FCM concentration reflects an average level of circulating cortisol over a period of approximatively 24h. Faecal samples were collected the day following integration in social / conventional boxes, reflecting the potential stress induced by increased social interactions during the integration. In order to asses potential chronical stress, faeces samples were also collected in week one, two and three after the integration into the social / conventional box (in total: 4 samples per horse and housing system). The samples were immediately stored at -20°C until they were analysed. The samples were not analysed in the laboratory until the end of the experiment, therefore the duration of conservation in the freezer varied from 40 to 429 days. A considerable percentage of data from groups 1 and 2 was below the detection limit (<0.8 ng/g) (Tab. 1). Thus the statistical analysis was conducted with the FCM concentration from groups 3 and 4 (n horses = 16) which contained no values below the detection limit. Tab. 1: Details about FCM values and storage time for the 4 groups of stallions Group Storage duration [d] Proportion of data below the detection limit (<0.8 ng/g) Mean [ng/g] Median [ng/g] Group 1 384-429 55.6 % 2.2 0 Group 2 315-360 25.5 % 5.8 6.3 Group 3 41-79 0.0 % 8.7 8.0 Group 4 40-85 0.0 % 5.8 5.4 Despite the impressive social interactions observed between the stallions directly after being introduced into the social boxes, we did not find any differences in FCM concentration between the stallions being introduced into the conventional box and the social box on the day of integration (social box: n samples = 16, mean±SD: 6.9±4.7 ng/g; conventional box: n samples = 16, mean±SD: 9.0±11.2 ng/g; Wilcoxon signed rank test V = 70, p = 0.94). Overall the samples taken during integration and in week one, two and three did not show evidence of changes in FCM concentration in either housing system over a longer period of time (social box: n samples = 64, mean±SD: 7.9±6.2 ng/g; conventional box: n samples = 64, mean±SD: 6.6±3.4 ng/g; Linear mixed model (LMM), p = 0.56). Our results suggest that the possibility of having physical contact with a conspecific does not induce changes in FCM concentration in breeding stallions. The considerable percentage of values below the detection limit in groups 1 and 2 seemed to correlate with the increasing duration of storage before analysis. During the IESM Network Meeting 2015, we would like to discuss possible methodological issues and the possibilities to correctly integrate these low values in the statistical analysis. |
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Corporate Author | Wyss, C. | Thesis | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5869 | ||
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Author | Turpeinen, O. | ||||
Title | Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1979 | Publication | Circulation | Abbreviated Journal | Circulation |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-7 |
Keywords | Coronary Disease/blood/*mortality/prevention & control; Dairy Products; *Dietary Fats; *Fats, Unsaturated; Finland; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia/complications/*diet therapy/mortality; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms/mortality | ||||
Abstract | International statistics indicate that there is a close correlation between the consumption of saturated fats (dairy fats and meat fats) and the mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), and this conception has been confirmed by many epidemiological studies. Such studies alone, however, cannot prove the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables; dietary intervention trials are needed. The Finnish Mental Hospital Study was such a trial, conducted in two hospitals near Helsinki in 1959--1971. Practically total replacement of dairy fats by vegetable oils in the diets of these hospitals was followed by a substantial reduction in the mortality of men from CHD. Total mortality also appeared to be reduced. As to the causes of death other than CHD, none was significantly influenced by dietary change. This was also true for malignant neoplasms. To alleviate the burden of CHD on public health, many investigators have recommended important changes in the quantity and quality of dietary fats. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0009-7322 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:758101 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 33 | ||
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Author | Preston, S.D.; de Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
Title | Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Brain Sci |
Volume | 25 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-20; discussion 20-71 |
Keywords | Adult; Animals; Child; Emotions/physiology; *Empathy; Evolution; Haplorhini; Helping Behavior; Humans; Mental Disorders/physiopathology/psychology; Morals; Personality Development; Phylogeny; Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology; Socialization | ||||
Abstract | There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teaching, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations. | ||||
Address | University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 2RCP-Neurology Clinic, Iowa City, IA 52242. stephanie-d-preston@uiowa.edu | ||||
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ISSN | 0140-525X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12625087 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 181 | ||
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Author | Buttiker, W. | ||||
Title | [Preliminary report on eye-frequenting butterflies in the Ivory Coast] | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1973 | Publication | Revue Suisse de Zoologie; Annales de la Societe Zoologique Suisse et du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve | Abbreviated Journal | Rev Suisse Zool |
Volume | 80 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-43 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Cote d'Ivoire; Ecology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/*veterinary; *Eye; Horses; *Insects; *Parasites; Sheep | ||||
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Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | Vorlaufige Beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden Schmetterlingen in der Elfenbeinkuste | |
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ISSN | 0035-418X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:4354354 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2716 | ||
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Author | Hausberger, M.; Roche, H.; Henry, S.; Visser, E.K. | ||||
Title | A review of the human-horse relationship | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 109 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-24 |
Keywords | Horse-human relationship; Interaction; Handling; Management; Review | ||||
Abstract | Despite a long history of human-horse relationship, horse-related incidents and accidents do occur amongst professional and non professional horse handlers. Recent studies show that their occurrence depend more on the frequency and amount of interactions with horses than on the level of competency, suggesting a strong need for specific research and training of individuals working with horses. In the present study, we review the current scientific knowledge on human-horse relationships. We distinguish here short occasional interactions with familiar or unfamiliar horses (e.g. veterinary inspection) and long-term bonds (e.g. horse-owner). An important aspect of the horse-human relationship is to try and improve the development and maintenance of a strong positive relationship. Studies show that deficits in the management conditions (housing, feeding, possibilities for social contact, and training methods) may lead to relational problems between horses and humans. Different methods have been used to assess and improve the human-horse relation, especially at the young age. They reveal that the time and type of contact all play a role, while recent studies suggest that the use of familiarized social models might be a great help through social facilitation. We argue that an important theoretical framework could be Hinde's [Hinde, R., 1979. Towards Understanding Relationships. Academic Press, Londres] definition of a relationship as an emerging bond from a series of interactions: partners have expectations on the next interaction on the basis of the previous ones. Understanding that a relationship is built up on the basis of a succession of interactions is an important step as it suggests that attention is being paid to the “positive” or “negative” valence of each interaction as a step for the next one. A better knowledge of learning rules is certainly necessary in this context not only to train the horse but also to counterbalance the unavoidable negative inputs that exist in routine procedures and reduce their impact on the relationship. It appears clearly that research is needed in order to assess how to better and safely approach the horse (e.g. research in position, posture, gaze, etc.), what type of approaches and timing may help in developing a positive bond, what influence human management and care have on the relationship, and how this can be adapted to have a positive influence on the relationship. Also the interaction between rider and horse, the search for the optimal match between two individuals, is an aspect of the horse-human relationship that requires attention in order to decrease the number of horse-riding accidents and reduced states of welfare. On the other hand, adequate knowledge is readily available that may improve the present situation rapidly. Developing awareness and attention to behavioural cues given by horses would certainly help decreasing accidents among professionals when interacting. Scientists therefore should play a major role in transmitting not only elements of the current knowledge of the ethology of the horse but also by helping developing observational skills. | ||||
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Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4335 | ||
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Author | Lloyd, N.; Mulcock, J. | ||||
Title | Human-animal studies in Australia: Current directions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Society and Animals | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-5 |
Keywords | Australia – human-nonhuman animal relationships – Human-Animal Studies – multidisciplinary | ||||
Abstract | In 2004, Natalie Lloyd and Jane Mulcock initiated the Australian Animals & Society Study Group, a network of social science, humanities and arts scholars that quickly grew to include more than 100 participants. In July 2005, about 50 participants attended the group“s 4-day inaugural conference at the University of Western Australia, Perth. Papers in this issue emerged from the conference. They exemplify the Australian academy”s work in the fields of History, Population Health, Sociology, Geography, and English and address strong themes: human-equine relationships; management of native and introduced animals; and relationships with other domestic, nonhuman animals-from cats and dogs to cattle. Human-Animal Studies is an expanding field in Australia. However, many scholars, due to funding and teaching concerns, focus their primary research in different domains. All authors in this issue-excepting one-are new scholars in their respective fields. The papers represent the diversity and innovation of recent Australian research on human-animal interactions. The authors look at both past and present, then anticipate future challenges in building an effective network to expand this field of study in Australia. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4390 | ||
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Author | Broom, D.M. | ||||
Title | Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 126 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages ![]() |
1-11 |
Keywords | Cognition; Awareness; Self-awareness; Feelings; Emotions; Cognitive bias; Sentience; Welfare; Domestic animals | ||||
Abstract | Observation of behaviour, especially social behaviour, and experimental studies of learning and brain function give us information about the complexity of concepts that animals have. In order to learn to obtain a resource or carry out an action, domestic animals may: relate stimuli such as human words to the reward, perform sequences of actions including navigation or detours, discriminate amongst other individuals, copy the actions of other individuals, distinguish between individuals who do or do not have information, or communicate so as to cause humans or other animals to carry out actions. Some parrots, that are accustomed to humans but not domesticated, can use words to have specific meanings. In some cases, stimuli, individuals or actions are remembered for days, weeks or years. Events likely to occur in the future may be predicted and changes over time taken into account. Scientific evidence for the needs of animals depends, in part, on studies assessing motivational strength whose methodology depends on the cognitive ability of the animals. Recognition and learning may be associated with changes in physiology, behaviour and positive or negative feelings. Learning and other complex behaviour can result in affect and affect can alter cognition. The demonstration of cognitive bias gives indications about affect and welfare but should be interpreted in the light of other information. All of the information mentioned so far helps to provide evidence about sentience and the level of awareness. The term sentience implies a range of abilities, not just the capacity to have some feelings. The reluctance of scientists to attribute complex abilities and feelings to non-humans has slowed the development of this area of science. Most people consider that they have obligations to some animals. However, they might protect animals because they consider that an animal has an intrinsic value, or because of their concern for its welfare. In social species, there has been selection promoting moral systems that might result in behaviours such as attempts to avoid harm to others, collaboration and other altruistic behaviour. An evaluation of such behaviour may provide one of the criteria for decisions about whether or not to protect animals of a particular species. Other criteria may be: whether or not the animal is known as an individual, similarity to humans, level of awareness, extent of feelings, being large, being rare, being useful or having aesthetic quality for humans. Cognitive ability should also be considered when designing methods of enriching the environments of captive animals. | ||||
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ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5135 | ||
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Author | Salmivalli, C.; Lagerspetz, K.; Björkqvist, K.; Österman, K.; Kaukiainen, A. | ||||
Title | Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Aggressive Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Aggr. Behav. |
Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages ![]() |
1-15 |
Keywords | aggressive behavior; peer relations; roles; social acceptance; social groups; victimization | ||||
Abstract | Bullying was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon taking place in a school setting among 573 Finnish sixth-grade children (286 girls, 287 boys) aged 12–13 years. Different Participant Roles taken by individual children in the bullying process were examined and related to a) self-estimated behavior in bullying situations, b) social acceptance and social rejection, and c) belongingness to one of the five sociometric status groups (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average). The Participant Roles assigned to the subject were Victim, Bully, Reinforcer of the bully, Assistant of the bully, Defender of the victim, and Outsider. There were significant sex differences in the distribution of Participant Roles. Boys were more frequently in the roles of Bully, Reinforcer and Assistant, while the most frequent roles of the girls were those of Defender and Outsider. The subjects were moderately well aware of their Participant Roles, although they underestimated their participation in active bullying behavior and emphasized that they acted as Defenders and Outsiders. The sociometric status of the children was found to be connected to their Participant Roles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
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Publisher | Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1098-2337 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5435 | ||
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Author | Ronnenberg, K.; Habbe, B.; Gräber, R.; Strauß, E.; Siebert, U. | ||||
Title | Coexistence of wolves and humans in a densely populated region (Lower Saxony, Germany) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Basic and Applied Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Basic. Appl. Ecol. |
Volume | 25 | Issue | Pages ![]() |
1-14 | |
Keywords | Grey wolf; ; Habitat use; Species distribution models; Predator-prey interactions | ||||
Abstract | Since the first sporadic occurrences of grey wolves (Canis lupus) west of the Polish border in 1996, wolves have shown a rapid population recovery in Germany. Wolves are known to avoid people and wolf attacks on humans are very rare worldwide. However, the subjectively perceived threat is considerable, especially as food-conditioned habituation to humans occurs sporadically. Lower Saxony (Germany) has an exceedingly higher human population density than most other regions with territorial wolves; thus, the potential for human-wolf conflicts is higher. Using hunters' wildlife survey data from 455 municipalities and two years (2014-2015) and data from the official wolf monitoring (557 confirmed wolf presences and 500 background points) collected between 2012-2015, grey wolf habitat selection was modelled using generalized additive models with respect to human population density, road density, forest cover and roe deer density. Moreover, we tested whether habitat use changed in response to human population and road density between 2012/2013 and 2014/2015. Wolves showed a preference for areas of low road density. Human population density was less important as a covariate in the model of the survey data. Areas with higher prey abundance (5-10 roe deer/km2) and areas with >20% forest cover were preferred wolf habitats. Wolves were mostly restricted to areas with the lowest road and human population densities. However, between the two time periods, avoidance of human density decreased significantly. Recolonization of Germany is still in its early stages and it is unclear where this process will halt. To-date authorities mainly concentrate on monitoring measures. However, to avoid conflict, recolonization will require more stringent management of wolf populations and an improved information strategy for rural populations. | ||||
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ISSN | 1439-1791 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6397 | ||
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