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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Maternal behavior in horses | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | Mares quickly form a bond with their foals, probably within the first hour. They lick the foal usually beginning at the tail end, then the head and later the body of the foal. Licking behavior disappears within the first hours in most mares. Once the bond is formed the mare will let no other foal nurse and stays within a meter of the foal most of the time during the first week. The foal follows her when awake, but when he sleeps she stands over him. As the foal matures the distance the mare maintains from the foals get longer and she may graze as he sleeps. The bond of the mother to the foal gradually weakens as revealed by her response to separation from the foal. Weaning usually takes place shortly before the birth of the next foal. Some mares will attempt to steal foals and this can lead to injury of either the mares or the foal. Because of the strong and exclusive bond of most mares to their foal, foal rejection is especially abnormal. It occurs in some breeds more frequently than others, indicating a heritable component. Arabian mares reject 5% of their foals and other breeds reject less than 2%. There are three types of foal rejection- simple fear of the foal that can be quickly solved by holding the mare so the foal can suckle. The mare learns that nursing is pleasurable. This process usually takes only a few hours of holding the mare because foals suckle so frequently- about four times an hours. The second form of foal rejection is avoidance of tactile stimulation of the inguinal fold. When the foal attempts to suckle he usually strikes that skin fold and causes the mare to cow kick and move away. Desensitization to stimulation of the inguinal fold can solve this problem in a few hours. Treatment is more complex and longer for mares that are aggressive to the foal even when it does not touch them. This type of foal rejection can be treated with drugs that inhibit dopamine such as acepromazine-not the alpha adrenergic agent xylazine. Dopamine inhibits the pituitary hormone prolactin, a putative maternal hormone, which increases milk production. Blocking dopamine will increase prolactin. The mare should always have visual contact with the foal, but be restrained so she can not bite or kick the foal. A pole across the stall confining the mare against a wall is best. Maternal behavior can be induced in non-pregnant mares using injections of estrogen, progesterone, and the dopamine inhibitor sulpiride. Once lactation begins cervical stimulation can be used to elicit maternal behavior toward the next foal the mare sees. | ||||
Address | Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 | ||||
Corporate Author | Houpt, K.A. | Thesis | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
Notes | Invited speaker IESM 2008 | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4456 | ||
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Author | Kharazyan, F.; Hassani, A.; Ahmadinejad, M.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | The response of horses to predator stimuli. | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Caspian pony, Arab horse, predator stimuli | ||||
Abstract | It is unknown whether or not wild horses“ instinct has remained during their centuries of taming. The knowledge of this matter gives riders the opportunity of knowing more not only about horse behavior but also about horse and rider safety. In the current research we try to study behavior of the two Iranian horse breed (Asil & Caspian) in confrontation with stimuli from predators. We explored which kind of stimuli (olfactory stimuli accompanied by auditory stimuli) affects horses more. We groupe horses based on breed, sex and age. All horses are adult. The test area is a room that equipped with ventilator, speaker, and other facilities that needs. The time spent in the test area varies between 5 and 20 min .The experiments were designed to investigate behavioral responses (locomotive activity ( standing , walk , trot , and exploration), eliminatory behavior (defecation, urination)) and physiological responses (measure and record of adrenalin dosages in blood samples before and after facing to stimuli and measured blood”s glucose and cortisol too) of horses to novel auditory and olfactory stimuli. We explored which kind of stimuli(Olfactory stimuli or auditory stimuli) affects horses more. The experiments were carried out under standardized conditions a total of 60 horses (30 Caspian ponies and 30 Asil horses), of different ages. We investigated how horses respond to two predator animals" (wolf and Iranian leopard) olfactory and auditory stimulus. The olfactory stimuli were: A: Urine /feces stimuli, B: Fur-derived stimuli. And The auditory stimulus were sound of wolf and Iranian Leopard. |
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Address | of Animal Sciences, University of Technical and Vocational, Iran | ||||
Corporate Author | Kharazyan, F. | Thesis | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
Notes | Talk 15 min IESM 2008 Fullpaper | Approved | yes | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4483 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Horse husbandry and equine stereotypies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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Abstract | Abstract KW - | ||||
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Corporate Author | Houpt, K.A. | Thesis | |||
Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
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ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5553 | ||
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Author | Sackman, J.E.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Equine Personality: Association with Breed, Use and Husbandry Factors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2018 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Horse; Personality; Behavior; Breed; Use; Survey | ||||
Abstract | Abstract Temperament can be defined as innate properties of the nervous system whereas personality includes the complex behavioral traits acquired through life. Association between personality and behavior is important for breeding, selection, and training of horses. For the first time, we evaluated if equine personality components previously identified in Japan and Europe were consistent when applied to American horses. We examined the association of personality with breed, age, sex, management, training, stereotypies and misbehaviors. Materials and Methods The owner directed personality survey consisted of 25 questions. An online version of the survey was created. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to associate behavioral traits with personality components. Factor analysis with orthogonal transformation was performed on scores for personality related questions. Results 847 survey responses were used. Quarter horses, “other” breed and Thoroughbred were the most common breeds. Three principal personality components were extracted as each behavioral trait belonged to one of these three components. Arabians, Thoroughbreds, Saddlebreds and Walking horses were the most nervous and Quarter horses, Paints, Appaloosas and Drafts were the least nervous. No trained discipline was significantly associated with any personality component. There were no significant associations between stereotypies and misbehaviors and nervous or curious personality. Conclusions For the first time in predominantly American horses, we have evaluated personality components and their association with breed, age, sex, training discipline and stereotypies. We refute links between personality and trained discipline and confirm the lack of association between nervous personality and stereotypies and misbehaviors. |
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ISSN | 0737-0806 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6426 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Fraser, A.F. | ||||
Title | Przewalski horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 1-3 |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2302 | ||
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Author | Boyd, L.E.; Carbonaro, D.A.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 21 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 5-17 |
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Abstract | A herd of 8 Przewalski horses were observed on pasture in summer. Fifteen-minute focal animal samples were used to determine the time budget of the horses during the periods 00.00-04.00, 04.00-08.00, 08.00-12.00, 12.00-16.00, 16.00-20.00 and 20.00-24.00 h EDT. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (grazing and eating grain), nursing, drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting, playing, and lying laterally and sternally. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Overall, the horses spent 46.4 +/- 5.9% of their time feeding, 1.3 +/- 0.1% nursing, 0.5 +/- 0.1% drinking, 20.6 +/- 5.4% standing, 15.7 +/- 3.2% stand-resting, 1.7 +/- 0.2% self-grooming, 2.2 +/- 0.7% mutual grooming, 7.4 +/- 1.0% locomoting, 1.2 +/- 0.3% playing, 1.2 +/- 0.5% lying laterally and 4.1 +/- 3.0% lying sternally. The horses averaged 45.2 +/- 5.8 behavioral states per hour, and 0.2 +/- 0.0 defecations, 0.3 +/- 0.0 urinations, 1.5 +/- 0.3 aggressions and 0.7 +/- 0.1 vocalizations per hour. The horses spent the greatest amount of time foraging between 20.00 and 04.00 h, when the temperatures were lower. They spent 68.2 +/- 2.2% of their time between 20.00 and 24.00 h feeding, but only 31.2 +/- 2.1% of their time feeding between 08.00 and 12.00 h. Recumbent rest was most common between 00.00 and 04.00 h. As temperatures rose during the daylight hours, the horses spent more time drinking and standing, rather than grazing. Stand-resting was the most common form of rest during the day. The horses exhibited the greatest number of activities per hour from 08.00 to 20.00 h. While standing in close proximity to one another during these hours, the horses exhibited the highest number of aggressions per hour (1.9-2.4). | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1805 | |||
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Author | Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M. | ||||
Title | Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1985 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 12-16 |
Keywords | Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology | ||||
Abstract | The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:3979367 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 56 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Learning in horses. | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | The thinking horse. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 12-17 | ||
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Publisher | Equine Research Centre | Place of Publication | Guelph, Canada | Editor | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3585 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Imprinting training and conditioned taste aversion | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | Pages | 14-16 | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 628 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R. | ||||
Title | Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
Volume | 12 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 15-18 |
Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; *Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance | ||||
Abstract | The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:7189148 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 59 | ||
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