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	Author	van Schaik, C.P.
	Title	Social learning and culture in animals			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	623-653
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Most animals must learn some of the behaviours in their repertoire, and some must learn most. Although learning is often thought of as an individual exercise, in nature much learning is social, i.e. under the influence of conspecifics. Social learners acquire novel information or skills faster and at lower cost, but risk learning false information or useless skills. Social learning can be divided into learning from social information and learning through social interaction. Different species have different mechanisms of learning from social information, ranging from selective attention to the environment due to the presence of others to copying of complete motor sequences. In vertical (or oblique) social learning, naïve individuals often learn skills or knowledge from parents (or other adults), whereas horizontal social learning is from peers, either immatures or adults, and more often concerns eavesdropping and public information use. Because vertical social learning is often adaptive, maturing individuals often have a preference for it over individual exploration. The more cognitively demanding social learning abilities probably evolved in this context, in lineages where offspring show long association with parents and niches are complex. Because horizontal learning can be maladaptive, especially when perishable information has become outdated, animals must decide when to deploy social learning. Social learning of novel skills can lead to distinct traditions or cultures when the innovations are sufficiently rare and effectively transmitted socially. Animal cultures may be common but to date taxonomic coverage is insufficient to know how common. Cultural evolution is potentially powerful, but largely confined to humans, for reasons currently unknown. A general theory of culture is therefore badly needed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5268
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	Author	Kerth, G.
	Title	Group decision-making in animal societies			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	241-265
	Keywords	Life Sciences
	Abstract	Individuals need to coordinate their activities to benefit from group living. Thus group decisions are essential for societies, especially if group members cooperate with each other. Models show that shared (democratic) decisions outperform unshared (despotic) decisions, even if individuals disagree about actions. This is surprising as in most other contexts, differences in individual preferences lead to sex-, age-, or kin-specific behaviour. Empirical studies testing the predictions of the theoretical models have only recently begun to emerge. This applies particularly to group decisions in fission-fusion societies, where individuals can avoid decisions that are not in their interest. After outlining the basic ideas and theoretical models on group decision-making I focus on the available empirical studies. Originally most of the relevant studies have been on social insects and fish but recently an increasing number of studies on mammals and birds have been published, including some that deal with wild long-lived animals living in complex societies. This includes societies where group members have different interests, as in most mammals, and which have been less studied compared to eusocial insects that normally have no conflict among their colony members about what to do. I investigate whether the same decision rules apply in societies with conflict and without conflict, and outline open questions that remain to be studied. The chapter concludes with a synthesis on what is known about group decision-making in animals and an outlook on what I think should be done to answer the open questions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor	Kappeler, P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-642-02624-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5381
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	Author	Giraldeau, Luc-Alain
	Title	The ecology of information use			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1997	Publication	Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Science	Place of Publication	Cambridge, Mass.	Editor	Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0865427313 9780865427310	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973			Serial	4277
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	Author	McGregor, P.K.; Dabelsteen, T.
	Title	Communication Networks			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1976	Publication	Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	409-425
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cornell University Press	Place of Publication	Ithaca	Editor	Kroodsma, D. E.; Miller, E. H.
	Language	Englisch	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0801482212	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2167
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	Author	Bökönyi, S.
	Title	Horse			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1984	Publication	Evolution of domesticated animals	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue		Pages	162-173
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons	Place of Publication	Hoboken, NJ	Editor	Manson
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	Product Details * Hardcover * Publisher: John Wiley & Sons (May 1986) * ISBN-10: 047020	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	949
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	Author	Byrne R.W.
	Title	The evolution of intelligence			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1994	Publication	Behaviour and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	223-265
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge,UK	Editor	P.J.B. Slater and T.R. Halliday
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6566
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	Author	Rubenstein, D. I.,
	Title	Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1986	Publication	Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution
	Volume		Issue		Pages	282-302
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Princeton University Press	Place of Publication	Princeton, NJ.	Editor	Rubenstein, D. I. ; Wrangham, R. W.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1526
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	Author	Clutton-Brock, J.
	Title	Origins of the dog: domestication and early history			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1995	Publication	The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	Serpell, J.A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Clutton-Brock1995			Serial	6247
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	Author	Van Horik, J.; Clayton, N.; Emery, N.
	Title	Convergent evolution of cognition in Corvids, Apes and other animals			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2012	Publication	Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Oxford University Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Van Horik2012			Serial	6284
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