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VSO Downloader. Copyright VSO Software SARL. VSO-Software SARL Bat A, 1er Etage,109 Avenue de Lespinet, 31400 Toulouse |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref52 |
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6493 |
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4Free Video Converter. 4 Free Studio. Copyright© 2000~2015 4Free Video Converter Inc. a Multimedia Utility Company |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref53 |
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6494 |
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Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. |
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Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs |
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2002 |
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Ital J Zool |
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69 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 |
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6495 |
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Boersma, P.; Weenink, D. |
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Praat: doing phonetics by computer |
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2009 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boersma2009 |
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6496 |
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Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods |
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1998 |
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Springer |
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Berlin |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref56 |
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6497 |
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9 |
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5 |
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265 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref2 |
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6571 |
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Horses' (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref3 |
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6572 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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9 |
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4 |
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335-353 |
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Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Motivation; *Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology) |
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Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17024510 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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217 |
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Pongrácz, P.; Miklósi, Á.; Kubinyi, E.; Gurobi, K.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. |
| Title |
Social learning in dogs: the effect of a human demonstrator on the performance of dogs in a detour task |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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62 |
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6 |
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1109-1117 |
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We recorded the behaviour of dogs in detour tests, in which an object (a favourite toy) or food was placed behind a V-shaped fence. Dogs were able to master this task; however, they did it more easily when they started from within the fence with the object placed outside it. Repeated detours starting from within the fence did not help the dogs to obtain the object more quickly if in a subsequent trial they started outside the fence with the object placed inside it. While six trials were not enough for the dogs to show significant improvement on their own in detouring the fence from outside, demonstration of this action by humans significantly improved the dogs' performance within two-three trials. Owners and strangers were equally effective as demonstrators. Our experiments show that dogs are able to rely on information provided by human action when confronted with a new task. While they did not copy the exact path of the human demonstrator, they easily adopted the detour behaviour shown by humans to reach their goal. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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847 |
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DUNCAN P et al, |
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On lactation and associated behaviour in natural herd of horses |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Anim Behav |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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32 |
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255-263 |
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Developmental changes in time spent suckling and related mother-foal behaviour are described in an unmanaged herd of Camargue horses. Male foals spent about 40% more time suckling than females during the first 8 weeks. Body weight did not differ between the sexes but time-budgets did: males grazed less and were more active. If pregnant, the typical multiparous mare nursed her foals for 35–40 weeks, males and females alike, and weaned them 15 weeks before the next foaling. Primiparae lactated longer and weaned closer to the next foaling by 5 weeks. The mares played an active role in regulating the time spent suckling in early, and particularly in late lactation. |
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1033 |
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