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VSO Downloader. Copyright VSO Software SARL. VSO-Software SARL Bat A, 1er Etage,109 Avenue de Lespinet, 31400 Toulouse |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref52 |
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6493 |
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4Free Video Converter. 4 Free Studio. Copyright© 2000~2015 4Free Video Converter Inc. a Multimedia Utility Company |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref53 |
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6494 |
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Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. |
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Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs |
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2002 |
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Ital J Zool |
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69 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 |
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6495 |
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Boersma, P.; Weenink, D. |
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Praat: doing phonetics by computer |
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2009 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boersma2009 |
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6496 |
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Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods |
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1998 |
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Springer |
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Berlin |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref56 |
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6497 |
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9 |
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5 |
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265 |
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2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref2 |
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6571 |
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Horses' (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ ref3 |
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6572 |
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Sueur, C.; Jacobs, A.; Amblard, F.; Petit, O.; King, A.J. |
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How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior? |
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2010 |
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American Journal of Primatology |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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73 |
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8 |
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703-719 |
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interaction; association; social system; social structure; methodology; behavioral sampling |
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Abstract When living in a group, individuals have to make trade-offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter-individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703?719, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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0275-2565 |
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doi: 10.1002/ajp.20915 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6410 |
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Schino, G.; Aureli, F. |
| Title |
Reciprocity in group-living animals: partner control versus partner choice |
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2016 |
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Biological Reviews |
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Biol Rev |
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92 |
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2 |
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665-672 |
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cooperation; reciprocity; partner control; partner choice; proximate mechanisms |
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ABSTRACT Reciprocity is probably the most debated of the evolutionary explanations for cooperation. Part of the confusion surrounding this debate stems from a failure to note that two different processes can result in reciprocity: partner control and partner choice. We suggest that the common observation that group-living animals direct their cooperative behaviours preferentially to those individuals from which they receive most cooperation is to be interpreted as the result of the sum of the two separate processes of partner control and partner choice. We review evidence that partner choice is the prevalent process in primates and propose explanations for this pattern. We make predictions that highlight the need for studies that separate the effects of partner control and partner choice in a broader variety of group-living taxa. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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1464-7931 |
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doi: 10.1111/brv.12248 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6411 |
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Krueger., K.; Farmer, K. |
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Social learning in Horses: Differs from individual learning only in the learning stimulus and not in the learning mechanisms |
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2018 |
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14th Meeting of the Internatinoal Society for Equitation Science |
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14th Meeting ISES |
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horse; individual learning; learning mechanisms; learning stimuli; social learning |
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Equine welfare can be enhanced by applying species specific training. This may incorporate social learning, as horses are highly social and social stimuli are of primary importance. Social learning is comparable to individual learning in its learning mechanisms, differing primarily in the way it is stimulated. Our initial study showed that horses of different breeds (N = 38) follow humans after observing other horses doing so, but only if the observed horse was familiar to and higher ranking than the observer (Fisher's exact test: N = 12, P = 0.003). A second study showed that horses and ponies (N = 25) learned to pull a rope to open a feeding apparatus after observing demonstrations by conspecifics, again, only if the demonstrating horse was older and higher ranking than the observer (Fisher's combination test, N = 3, v2 = 27.71, p = 0.006). Our third approach showed that horses and ponies (N = 24) learned to press a switch to open a feeding apparatus after observing a familiar person (GzLM: N = 24, z = 2.33, P = 0.02). Most recently, we confronted horses and ponies (N = 50) with persons demonstrating different techniques for opening a feeding apparatus. In this study we investigated whether the horses would copy the demonstrators' techniques or apply their own. Here only some horses copied the technique, and most of the successful learners used their mouths irrespective of the demonstrators' postures (Chi Square Test: N = 40, df = 2, χ2 = 31.4, p < 0.001). In all the approaches social stimuli elicited learning processes in the test horses, while only a few individuals in the control groups mastered the tasks by individual learning. The following behaviour observed in the initial study may have been facilitated by a social stimuli (social facilitation), and the opening of the feed boxes in the subsequent studies appear to be mostly the result of enhancement (social enhancement). Some horses may have used the social stimuli at first and continued their learning process by individual trial and error. However, the horses were also selective in whom and some in how to copy. This may have been conditioned (socially conditioned) or the result of simple forms of reasoning on the reliability of the particular information provided by demonstrators of certain social ranks or social positions, as high ranking and familiar horses and familiar persons were copied and some imitated exactly.
Lay person message: Traditional riding instructions suggest that horses learn by observing other horses. For example, older, more experienced driving horses are used for initial training of young driving horses. We have shown that horses indeed use learning stimuli provided by other horse, as well as by humans. Horses readily accept stimuli observed in high ranking and familiar horses, and familiar persons. Such stimuli elicit learning processes which are comparable to individual learning. We suggest applying social learning whenever possible, as it is much faster and less stressful than individual learning, where learners experience negative outcomes in trial and error learning. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6405 |
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