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Author |
Saigo, S. |
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Title |
Kinetic and equilibrium studies of alkaline isomerization of vertebrate cytochromes c |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochim Biophys Acta |
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Volume |
669 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-20 |
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Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism; Dogs; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Vertebrates/metabolism |
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Abstract |
Equilibria and kinetics of alkaline isomerization of seven ferricytochromes c from vertebrates were studied by pH-titration and pH-jump methods in the pH region of 7-12. In the equilibrium behavior, no significant difference was detected among the cytochromes c, whereas marked differences in the kinetic behavior were observed. According to the kinetic behavior of the isomerization, the cytochromes c examined fall into three classes: Group I (horse, sheep, dog and pigeon cytochromes c), Group II (tuna and bonito cytochromes c) and Group III (rhesus monkey cytochrome c). The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of the sequential scheme: Neutral form in equilibrium with fast Transient form in equilibrium with slow Alkaline form where the neutral and alkaline forms are the species stable at neutral and alkaline pH, respectively, and the transient form is a kinetic intermediate. From comparison of the primary sequences of the seven cytochromes c and the classification of these cytochromes c, it is concluded that the amino acid substitution Phe/Tyr at the 46-th position has a major influence on the kinetic behavior. In Group II and III cytochromes c, the ionization of Tyr-46 is suggested to bring about loosening of the heme crevice and thus facilitate the ligand replacement involved in the isomerization. |
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0006-3002 |
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PMID:6271238 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3871 |
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Author |
Bruns, E. |
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Title |
Estimation of the breeding value of stallions from the tournament performance of their offspring |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Livestock Production Science |
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8 |
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5 |
Pages |
465-473 |
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Data from horse-riding competitions recorded in Germany in 1976 and 1977 have been analysed to estimate genetic parameters for performance traits of riding horses measured in dressage, jumping competitions and trials. The performance traits analysed were logarithmic earnings per start, relative place number, and place value. The results are the following. 1. (1) Heritability and repeatability estimates for performance in dressage shows are 0.2 and 0.4 respectively. Corresponding estimates for performance in jumping competitions are 20% less. No genetic differences are found between stallions for performance in trials.2. (2) A selection index for estimating the breeding value of stallions was constructed by using the repeated performances of their offspring in dressage and jumping shows. For this purpose, performance data for at least ten progeny should be available. The correlation between the breeding values estimated from the dressage and jumping performances of the same stallions was approximately zero.3. (3) Reliable progeny-testing requires that the assumptions of mating stallions at random, selecting progeny randomly, and distributing them equally across environmental effects be fulfilled.4. (4) The genetic use of breeding values of stallions estimated from the performance of their progeny is opposed by the prolongation of the generation interval. This can be partly overcome by sampling young stallions and making use of the test results for young progeny only. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3968 |
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Author |
Kihara, H. |
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Title |
Comparison of the redox reactions of various types of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanides |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics |
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634 |
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93-104 |
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Cytochrome c; Redox reaction; Iron hexacyanide; Temperature jump; Electron transfer |
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The dynamic behavior of various types of cytochromes c in the redox reaction with iron hexacyanides was studied using a temperature-jump method in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the redox reaction of cytochromes with their oxidoreductants. Transmittance after the temperature jump changed through a single exponential decay for all cytochromes investigated. Under a constant concentration of anion, the redox reaction of various types of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanides was analyzed according to the scheme: Ki=kt/k-i (i=1,2,3) where C(III) and C(II) are ferric and ferrous cytochromes, respectively, Fe(III) and Fe(II) are ferri- and ferrocyanides, respectively, C(III) [middle dot] Fe(II) is the ferricytochrome-ferrocyanide complex and C(II) [middle dot] Fe(III) is the ferrocytochrome-ferricyanide complex. When step B is slower than the other two steps A and C, τ-1 can be represented approximately as where the bar over the variables denotes the equilibrium value. In a large excess of ferrocyanide against cytochrome, we can estimate k2, k-2, K1 and K3 independently. In the case of horse cytochrome c at 18[degree sign]C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7 with 0.3 M KNO3, the estimated parameters are k2 = 100 +/- 50 s-1, k-2 = (3.5 +/- 1.0) [middle dot] 103 s-1, K1 = 15 +/- 7 M-1 and K3 = (8.5 +/- 1.5) [middle dot] 10-4 M. From the same experiments for seven cytochromes (cytochrome c from horse, tuna, Candida krusei, Saccharomyces oviformis, Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c2, Spirulina platensis cytochrome c-554 and Thermus thermophilus cytochrome c-552), the following results can be deduced. (1) Each parameter defined in the scheme above (k2, k-2, K1, K3) diverged beyond the error range. Above all, k2 values of cytochromes c-554 and c-552 are as large as 1 [middle dot] 104 s-1 and much larger than those for the other cytochromes (to 50 approx. 700 S-1). (2) The variance of k2K1 and k-2/K3 are relatively less than the variances of individual parameters (k2, k-2, K1 and K3), which suggests that the values of k2K1 and k-2/K3 have been conserved during the course of evolution. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3980 |
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Author |
Boice, R. |
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Title |
Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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11 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
545-553 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Rats/*genetics |
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The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species. |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:7325955 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4144 |
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Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L. |
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Title |
Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
251-265 |
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Animals; *Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/*growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning |
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In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior. |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:7262467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4170 |
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Author |
Bernstein, I.S.; Dobrofsky, M. |
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Title |
Compensatory social responses of older pigtailed monkeys to maternal separation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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14 |
Issue |
2 |
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163-168 |
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Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina; Male; *Maternal Deprivation; *Social Behavior |
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Thirteen 3-5-year-old pigtailed monkeys were subjected to five 2-hr maternal separations while remaining in their normal social group. Significant changes in activity profiles were noted during separation and reunion phases. This suggests the continued social dependence of older offspring upon the matriarch. The shift in social activities reflected attempts by the juvenile and adolescent subjects to compensate for maternal absence by intensification of other affiliative social behavior and avoidance of potentially socially disruptive situation. The subjects oriented more towards kin in the absence of the matriarch, but actual time with kin decreased. Upon the return of the matriarch, the intensified some responses depressed during her absence and returned to preseparation social relationships. Play and aggressive responses declined whereas social approaches increased during maternal absences. Submissive responses declined upon the return of the matriarch, and play increased. The subjects also showed a marked, temporary increase of direct interaction, largely sniffing and grooming, with the matriarch upon her return. |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:7202854 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4171 |
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Author |
Bean, P. |
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Title |
Punishment: A Philosophical and Criminological Enquiry |
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Miscellaneous |
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1981 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4851 |
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Author |
R. A. J. Taylor |
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Title |
The Behavioural Basis of Redistribution I. The Delta -Model Concept |
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1981 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
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T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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50 |
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2 |
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573-586 |
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(1) A conceptual model is developed in which spatial behaviour is density-dependent. The behaviour is classified as congregatory or migratory according to whether it results in movement towards or away from population concentrations. (2) Spatial behaviour is shown to result from both individual and population interactions. (3) The stability properties of the model are explored and it is shown how, under particular conditions, populations obeying the model have a population density regulating mechanism. (4) The similarity between the model and the potential energy curve of physics is noted, but it is emphasized that this is a behavioural not a physical model. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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720 |
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Author |
Bannikov Ag, |
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Kulan Moskau |
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Book Whole |
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1981 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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921 |
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Author |
Gingerich Pd, |
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Variation, sexual dimorphism, and social structure in the early Eocene horse Hyracotherium |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
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Paleobiol |
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443-455 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1110 |
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