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Author |
Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
Title |
Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
501-526 |
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Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3398 |
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Davidsson T.E.; Leonardson L.G.; Marston H.M. |
Title |
Analysis of cognitive function in animals, the value of SDT |
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1996 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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3 |
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269-277 |
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3451 |
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Weed M.R.; Taffe M.A.; Polis I.; Roberts A.C.; Robbins T.W.; Koob G.F.; Bloom F.E.; Gold L.H. |
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Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance |
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1999 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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8 |
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185-201 |
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3459 |
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Vallortigara G.; Regolin L.; Pagni P. |
Title |
Detour behaviour, imprinting and visual lateralization in the domestic chick |
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1999 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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7 |
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307-320 |
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3461 |
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Vallortigara G. |
Title |
Minds of Their Own |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
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2 |
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118-118 |
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3466 |
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Taylor, J.G. |
Title |
What do Neuronal Network Models of the Mind Indicate about Animal Consciousness? |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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63-75 |
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3490 |
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Lea, S.E.G. |
Title |
Anticipation and Memory as Criteria for Special Welfare Consideration |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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195-208 |
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3493 |
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Author |
Bauer, G.B. |
Title |
Research Training for Releasable Animals |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Conservation Biology |
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19 |
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1779-1789 |
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3507 |
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Author |
Hunt, G.R.; Gray, R.D. |
Title |
The crafting of hook tools by wild New Caledonian crows |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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271 |
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S88-S90 |
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The 'crafting' of tools involves (i) selection of appropriate raw material, (ii) preparatory trimming and (iii) fine, three-dimensional sculpting. Its evolution is technologically important because it allows the open-ended development of tools. New Caledonian crows manufacture an impressive range of stick and leaf tools. We previously reported that their toolkit included hooked implements made from leafy twigs, although their manufacture had never been closely observed. We describe the manufacture of 10 hooked-twig tools by an adult crow and its dependent juvenile. To make all 10 tools, the crows carried out a relatively invariant three-step sequence of complex manipulations that involved (i) the selection of raw material, (ii) trimming and (iii) a lengthy sculpting of the hook. Hooked-twig manufacture contrasts with the lack of sculpting in the making of wooden tools by other non-humans such as chimpanzees and woodpecker finches. This fine, three-stage crafting process removes another alleged difference between humans and other animals. |
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3526 |
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Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.R. |
Title |
Whip use and race progress are associated with horse falls in hurdle and steeplechase racing in the UK |
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Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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36 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
384-389 |
Keywords |
Accidental Falls/*statistics & numerical data; Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/*veterinary; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Great Britain/epidemiology; Horses/*injuries; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Running/statistics & numerical data; Sports; Videotape Recording |
Abstract |
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Falls during racing present a risk of injury to both horse and jockey and a risk of fatality to horses. OBJECTIVES: To use video recordings of races to describe the circumstances surrounding horse falls at hurdle and steeplechase fences and to identify and quantify within-race risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt racing in the UK. METHODS: A retrospective, matched, nested case-control study using video recordings of races was conducted on 6 UK racecourses. Cases and controls were matched on both race type and jump number at which the fall occurred. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the univariable and multivariable relationship between predictor variables and the risk of falling. RESULTS: The risk of falling was significantly associated with whip use and race progress. Horses which were being whipped and progressing through the race were at greater than 7 times the risk of falling compared to horses which were not being whipped and which had no change in position or lost position through the field. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified whip use and the position of the horse with respect to others in the field as potential risk factors for horse falls. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: If these findings are confirmed by the use of intervention trials (e.g. with whip-free or restricted whip use races), modifications could be introduced which would reduce the frequency of horse falls, leading to improved equine welfare. |
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Epidemiology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK |
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English |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15253077 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3659 |
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