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	Author	Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U.
	Title	Wie Pferde lernen			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	56-82
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH	Place of Publication	Warendorf	Editor	Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-88542-793-3	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5943
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	“Erfasst” das Pferd die menschliche Psyche"			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2010	Publication	Pferdegestützte Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	40-51
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Schattauer Verlag	Place of Publication	Stuttgart	Editor	Dettling, M.; Opgen-Rhein, C.; Kläschen, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3794527557	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5443
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Flauger, B.; Krueger, K.; Gerhards, H.; Moestl, E.
	Title	Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse faeces: the validation of different group specific enzymeimmunoassays and extraction methods.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2009	Publication	Proceeding of the 102. Annual meeting of the Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft (DZG).	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	166
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Dt. Zoologische Ges	Place of Publication	München	Editor	Cremer,S.;Schrempf,A.;Heinze,J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-00-028368-0	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5718
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	Author	Hollenhorst, H.; Weil, S.; Krueger, K.
	Title	*Innovative behavour in horses (Equus caballus)*			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	innovative behavior, age, housing system, horse (Equus caballus)
	Abstract	Contrary to the widely-spread assumption that horses just have restricted cognitive capacities and are not very flexible in their behaviors, we showed that horses display innovative behavior and even make use of tools (Krueger 2015, Krueger et al. 2015). These findings derive from a database (http://innovative-behaviour.org/) the Equine behavior team managed in the past two years. Some horses did not only show single innovations, but several different innovations. The number of innovations per individual varied from 1 to 10. 20 % of all innovative horses in the database showed more than one innovation. These individuals can be called the ‘true innovators’. Moreover innovations were dependent on age. Young horses were more innovative than older ones, whereby horses at the age of five to nine years were the most innovative. When considering the housing system innovative horses in a single housing (inside box, outside box, paddock box) had a slight majority towards horses in group housing (open stable, active stable, pasture day and night). But given the fact that ratings on housing system frequencies state 95% of the horses to be kept in individual housing, innovations in individual housing are rare. Nevertheless, horses kept in inside boxes without a window, opened doors more often than all other horses. Aside from this effect, housing systems did not trigger the frequency of innovative behavior. Innovations for gaining freedom and innovations in general were widespread among horses with daily access to pasture and daily contact with conspecifics. Innovations for gaining food were not more likely to occur in horses that were fed little amounts of roughage. In conclusion, the housing of horses does not seem to be the primary catalyst for developing innovative behavior in horses. What makes a “true innovator” in horses, in addition to age, remains to be seen.
	Address
	Corporate Author	Hollenhorst, H.			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor	; Krueger, K.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-95625-000-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Id -			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5896
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	“Pferdehaltung und Ethologie der Pferde” im Bachelorstudiengang Pferdewirtschaft			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2014	Publication	Forschendes Lernen initiieren, umsetzen und reflektieren	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	54-81
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	UniversitätsVerlag Webler	Place of Publication	Bielefeld	Editor	: S. Lepp und C. Niederdrenk-Felgner
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	10: 3-937026-91-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5944
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	104	Issue	1-2	Pages	162-170
	Keywords	Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships
	Abstract	I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	280
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Flauger, B.
	Title	Social learning in horses from a novel perspective			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	76	Issue	1	Pages	37-39
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	625
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Social learning and innovative behaviour in horses			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	social learning, innovative behaviour, Equus caballus, cognitive capacities
	Abstract	The evaluation of important parameters for measuring the horses’ cognitive capacities is one of the central topics of the equine behaviour team at Nürtingen-Geislingen University. Social complexity has been said to be one of the settings in which needs for cognitive capacities arise in animals. A variety of studies throughout the last two decades proved the horses’ social complexity to be far more elaborate than previously assumed. Horses form social bonds for the protection of offspring, intervene in encounters of others, identify group mates individually and easily orientate in a fission fusion society. In such socially complex societies, animals will benefit from learning socially. In many bird and primate species the degree of social complexity correlates nicely with the species abilities for social learning. Social learning was, therefore, argued to be an indicator for elaborate mental capacities in animals. We were delighted to prove that horses actually copy social behaviour and techniques for operating a feeding apparatus from older and higher ranking group members. In a recent study we found young horses, at the age of 3 to 12, to copy the operation of a feeding apparatus from a human demonstrator. Social learning seems to work nicely in horses when the social background of the animals is considered. The degree to which individual animals adapt to changes in their social or physical environment by finding innovative solution appears to be the other side of the coin, of whether animals adjust to challenges by social learning. It is not very astonishing, that along with the animals’ social complexity and their ability to learn socially also the degree to which they show innovative behaviour was claimed to be one of the most important demonstrations of advanced cognitive capacities. In a recent approach, we started to ask horse owners and horse keepers in many countries to tell us about unusual behaviour of their horses via a web site (http://innovative-behaviour.org). To date, we received 204 cases of innovative behaviour descriptions from which six cases were clear examples of tool use or borderline tool use. We categorized the innovative behaviours into the classes, a) innovations to gain food, b) innovations to gain freedom, c) social innovations, d) innovations to increase maintenance, and e) innovations that could not be clearly assigned to a category. About 20% of the innovative horses showed more than one innovation. These animals could be termed “true innovators”. Again, young horses were more innovative than older ones with the age group 5 – 9 showing the highest number of innovative behaviour descriptions. In a nutshell, the horses’ cognitive capacities appear to be underestimated throughout the last decades. The horses’ social complexity is far more elaborate than previously assumed, horses learn socially from conspecific and humans, some of them demonstrate innovative behaviour adaptations to their environment and even simple forms of tool use.
	Address
	Corporate Author	Krueger, K.			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	in prep	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-95625-000-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5848
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Krueger, K.; Schneider, G.; Flauger, B.; Heinze, J.
	Title	Context-dependent third-party intervention in agonistic encounters of male Przewalski horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	121	Issue		Pages	54-62
	Keywords	Equus ferus przewalskii; Group conflict; Rank orders; Social bonds; Social control; Third-party intervention
	Abstract	Abstract One mechanism to resolve conflict among group members is third party intervention, for which several functions, such as kin protection, alliance formation, and the promotion of group cohesion have been proposed. Still, empirical research on the function of intervention behaviour is rare. We studied 40 cases of intervention behaviour in a field study on 13 semi-wild bachelor horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in (a) standard social situations, and (b) when new horses joined the group (i.e. introductions). Only interventions in agonistic encounters were analysed. Eight of 13 animals directed intervention behaviour toward threatening animal in agonistic encounters of group members. One stallion was particularly active. The stallions did not intervene to support former group mates or kin and interventions were not reciprocated. In introduction situations and in standard social situations, the interveners supported animals which were lower in rank, but targeted, threatening animals of comparable social rank. After introductions, stallions received more affiliative behaviour from animals they supported and thus appeared to intervene for alliance formation. In standard social situations, interveners did not receive more affiliative behaviour from animals they supported and may primarily have intervened to promote group cohesion and to reduce social disruption within the group.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5925
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Heinze, J.
	Title	*Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses` behavior*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	11	Issue	3	Pages	431-439
	Keywords	copying, horse, social cognition, sociality
	Abstract	Animals that live in stable social groups need to gather information on their own relative position in the group`s social hierarchy, either by directly threatening or challenging others, or in a less costly manner, by observing interactions among others. Such indirect inference of dominance relationships has previously been reported from primates, rats, and birds and fish. Here, we show that domestic horses, Equus caballus, are similarly capable of social cognition. Taking advantage of a specific “following behavior” that horses show towards humans in a riding arena, we investigated whether bystander horses adjust their response to an experimenter according to the observed interaction and their own dominance relationship with the horse whose reaction to the experimenter they had observed before. Horses copied the following behavior towards an experimenter after watching a dominant horse following, but did not follow after observing a subordinate horse or a horse from another social group doing so. The following behavior which horses show towards an experimenter therefore appears to be affected by the demonstrator`s behavior and social status relative to the observer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4324
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