Records |
Author |
Horowitz, A.C. |
Title |
Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
117 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
325-336 |
Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity |
Abstract |
A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis. |
Address |
Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu |
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Place of Publication |
Washington, D.C. : 1983 |
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English |
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ISSN |
0735-7036 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:14498809 |
Approved |
yes |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
736 |
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Author |
Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A. |
Title |
Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
Volume |
110 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-14 |
Keywords |
Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/*psychology; *Fruit; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Environment |
Abstract |
Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild. |
Address |
Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk |
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ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:8851548 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
744 |
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Author |
Devenport, J.A.; Patterson, M.R.; Devenport, L.D. |
Title |
Dynamic averaging and foraging decisions in horses (Equus callabus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
Volume |
119 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
352-358 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Decision Making; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*psychology; Male; *Memory, Short-Term; Motivation; Orientation; *Social Environment |
Abstract |
The variability of most environments taxes foraging decisions by increasing the uncertainty of the information available. One solution to the problem is to use dynamic averaging, as do some granivores and carnivores. Arguably, the same strategy could be useful for grazing herbivores, even though their food renews and is more homogeneously distributed. Horses (Equus callabus) were given choices between variable patches after short or long delays. When patch information was current, horses returned to the patch that was recently best, whereas those without current information matched choices to the long-term average values of the patches. These results demonstrate that a grazing species uses dynamic averaging and indicate that, like granivores and carnivores, they can use temporal weighting to optimize foraging decisions. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Central Oklahoma, 73034, USA. jdevenport@ucok.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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Notes |
PMID:16131264 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
752 |
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Author |
Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P. |
Title |
Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina' |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
31 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
384-390 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/*anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/*physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Vision/*physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields |
Abstract |
Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia |
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ISSN |
0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:10505953 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
836 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J. |
Title |
Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
Volume |
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Issue |
27 |
Pages |
39-43 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training. |
Address |
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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Notes |
PMID:10485003 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
846 |
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Author |
Pongrácz, P.; Miklósi, Á.; Kubinyi, E.; Gurobi, K.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. |
Title |
Social learning in dogs: the effect of a human demonstrator on the performance of dogs in a detour task |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
Volume |
62 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1109-1117 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
We recorded the behaviour of dogs in detour tests, in which an object (a favourite toy) or food was placed behind a V-shaped fence. Dogs were able to master this task; however, they did it more easily when they started from within the fence with the object placed outside it. Repeated detours starting from within the fence did not help the dogs to obtain the object more quickly if in a subsequent trial they started outside the fence with the object placed inside it. While six trials were not enough for the dogs to show significant improvement on their own in detouring the fence from outside, demonstration of this action by humans significantly improved the dogs' performance within two-three trials. Owners and strangers were equally effective as demonstrators. Our experiments show that dogs are able to rely on information provided by human action when confronted with a new task. While they did not copy the exact path of the human demonstrator, they easily adopted the detour behaviour shown by humans to reach their goal. |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
847 |
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Author |
DUNCAN P et al, |
Title |
On lactation and associated behaviour in natural herd of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Anim Behav |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Volume |
32 |
Issue |
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Pages |
255-263 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Developmental changes in time spent suckling and related mother-foal behaviour are described in an unmanaged herd of Camargue horses. Male foals spent about 40% more time suckling than females during the first 8 weeks. Body weight did not differ between the sexes but time-budgets did: males grazed less and were more active. If pregnant, the typical multiparous mare nursed her foals for 35–40 weeks, males and females alike, and weaned them 15 weeks before the next foaling. Primiparae lactated longer and weaned closer to the next foaling by 5 weeks. The mares played an active role in regulating the time spent suckling in early, and particularly in late lactation. |
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from Prof. |
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Serial |
1033 |
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Author |
Klingel H Klingel U, |
Title |
Equus quagga: Hautpflegeverhalten |
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Year |
1968 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
EC 1043, Publ Wiss Film A II |
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Issue |
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Pages |
431-435 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1285 |
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Author |
Klingel H Klingel U, |
Title |
Equus quagga: Paarungsverhalten |
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Year |
1968 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
EC 1044, Publ Wiss Film A II |
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Pages |
449-459 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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Serial |
1286 |
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Author |
Klingel H, |
Title |
Observations on Social Organization and Behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
Volume |
44 |
Issue |
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Pages |
323-331 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1309 |
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