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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Horse husbandry and equine stereotypies |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Abstract KW - |
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Corporate Author  |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5553 |
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Author |
Hori, Y.; Takimoto, A.; Fujita, K. |
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Title |
Are there breed difference in referential behavior in horses (Equus caballus)? |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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breed difference, social behavior, referential behavior |
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Domesticated animals are characterized by variability of breeds. There is a great diversity in body size and/or coat color between different breeds. However, there are few scientific researches about difference in cognition and behavior between breeds. Comparison of behavior between breeds may be useful for the study of genetics behind the diversity of cognition and behavior. In the present study, we investigated behavioral differences between horse breeds. We tested two different breeds which have different histories, thoroughbreds and creoles. Thoroughbreds are racing horses which have been exposed to strict selection toward racing performance for about 300 years. Creoles are descendents of horses which were brought to South America by Spanish people in 15th century and used by native cowboys for riding. We compared the behavior in a difficult situation by using an “unsolvable task”. The experimenter put a food reward into a transparent box and closed it firmly so that horses could not take the reward. We compared the referential behavior (gazing behavior toward the experimenter) between thoroughbreds and creoles. We analyzed referential behavior by using generalized linear models (GLM) and model selection by Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). There were no effect of breed in the frequency and the duration of the referential behavior. But the latency before looking at the experimenter tended to be shorter in thoroughbreds than in creoles. This result suggests that there may be breed differences in horses’ social cognition and behavior. However, the effect of sex was also seen. Furthermore, we could not exclude the environmental effect (e. g. feeding environments, trainings) in this study. So we cannot explain the variation in referential behavior by breed effect only. We need to replicate the result by controlling environmental effects. |
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Corporate Author |
Hori, Y. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5509 |
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Author |
Hollenhorst, H.; Weil, S.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Innovative behavour in horses (Equus caballus) |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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innovative behavior, age, housing system, horse (Equus caballus) |
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Contrary to the widely-spread assumption that horses just have restricted cognitive capacities and are not very flexible in their behaviors, we showed that horses display innovative behavior and even make use of tools (Krueger 2015, Krueger et al. 2015). These findings derive from a database (http://innovative-behaviour.org/) the Equine behavior team managed in the past two years. Some horses did not only show single innovations, but several different innovations. The number of innovations per individual varied from 1 to 10. 20 % of all innovative horses in the database showed more than one innovation. These individuals can be called the ‘true innovators’. Moreover innovations were dependent on age. Young horses were more innovative than older ones, whereby horses at the age of five to nine years were the most innovative. When considering the housing system innovative horses in a single housing (inside box, outside box, paddock box) had a slight majority towards horses in group housing (open stable, active stable, pasture day and night). But given the fact that ratings on housing system frequencies state 95% of the horses to be kept in individual housing, innovations in individual housing are rare. Nevertheless, horses kept in inside boxes without a window, opened doors more often than all other horses. Aside from this effect, housing systems did not trigger the frequency of innovative behavior. Innovations for gaining freedom and innovations in general were widespread among horses with daily access to pasture and daily contact with conspecifics. Innovations for gaining food were not more likely to occur in horses that were fed little amounts of roughage. In conclusion, the housing of horses does not seem to be the primary catalyst for developing innovative behavior in horses. What makes a “true innovator” in horses, in addition to age, remains to be seen. |
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Corporate Author |
Hollenhorst, H. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
; Krueger, K. |
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Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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978-3-95625-000-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5896 |
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Author |
Hintze, S.; Smith, S.; Patt, A.; Bachmann, I.; Würbel, H. |
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Title |
What eye wrinkles in horses tell us about their emotional state |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 3. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Wrinkles above the eye ball are common in domestic horses but may differ in number and shape both between and within individuals. They are caused by contraction of the inner eye brow raiser, and some people working with horses call them “worry wrinkles”, considering them to reflect emotional states. However, as yet no study has formally investigated the relationship between eye wrinkles and emotional state in horses.
The aim of the present study was to induce states of different emotional valence and to assess whether positive emotional states would reduce the expression of eye wrinkles while negative emotional states would increase it. Sixteen horses were confronted in a balanced order with two presumably positively and two negatively valenced situations each. Positive situations included anticipation of a food reward (FA) and petting (P), negative situations included food competition (FC) and waving a plastic bag (PB). Each situation lasted for 60s (TRT) and was preceded by a 60s control phase (CON). Throughout CON and TRT pictures of the eyes were taken, and for each horse four pictures per situation (FA, P, FC, PB) and phase (CON and TRT) were randomly selected (n = 512) and scored in random order and blind to treatment for six outcome variables: overall impression (qualitative), number, angle and markedness of eye wrinkles, presence of eye white, and shape of eye lid.
Data were analysed separately for the right and left eye using linear mixed effects models (angle, number), generalised linear mixed models (eye white, markedness), and ordered logistic regression (qualitative, shape of eye lid), with “situation” (FA, P, FC, PB), “phase” (CON, TRT) and their two-way interaction as fixed effects.
Expression of eye wrinkles did not vary consistently across “situation” and “phase”. Independent of phase, eye white appeared less frequently during P than during FA (z=-3.15, p=0.009), FC (z=-2.94, p=0.02), and PB (z=4.17, p<0.001) in the left eye and during PB (z=4.10, p 0.001) in the right eye. Similarly, wrinkles were less marked during P compared to the other situations in the left eye (FA: z=3.15, p=0.009; FC: z=-2.94, p=0.017; PB: z=4.17, p<0.001) and compared to PB in the right eye (z=4.10, p=0.001), while no differences between situations occurred in number of wrinkles, overall impression and shape of eye lid for both eyes. Consistent with our hypothesis, P induced relaxation of the underlying muscle in the right eye resulting in a wider angle compared to its control phase (interaction situation*phase: F3,10=3.71, p=0.055; post-hoc comparison: z=-3.57, p=0.009), while FC induced muscle contraction, resulting in a sharper angle in the left eye (interaction situation*phase: F3,11=6.57, p=0.011; z=3.73, p=0.005).
We conclude that emotional valence may affect characteristics of eye winkle expression in horses which might therefore be a promising indicator of horses’ emotional states, but further research is needed to validate the relevant outcome variables. |
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eye wrinkles, emotional valence, positive and negative emotions, welfare assessment |
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Corporate Author |
Hintze, S. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5875 |
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Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Title |
Group management in Active-Stables |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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In active stabling the horses live in a group and are in constant social contact with their equine companions. Separate, dedicated areas define the concept. The key element of active stabling is the automatic feeding of hard feed, minerals and forage. This ensures the correct level of feeding and encourages the horses to increase their level of activity. The organisation of the dedicated areas in active stabling is dependent on a number of factors, such as the given facilities, the planned group sizes and the commercial and working aspects.
The ongoing acquisition of knowledge from science and research, practical experience from the horse industry, and the relevant national guidelines and conditions for keeping horses, form the basis for the planning of active stabling.
For example, in Germany, an important contribution to the further development of the active stabling concept is coming from the current research by Dr Zeitler-Feicht and her team into automatic feeding systems and the arrangement of areas to lie down in the quiet space. Together they run around 500 active stabling facilities, and they made a significant contribution to the 2009 guidelines for horse husbandry in the animal protection regulations.
At the ISEM 2012, practical examples of group management in active stabling will be presented. The aim of the participants is to achieve a continuing improvement in horse husbandry, combining the requirements of animal protection with the uses of the horses. |
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Corporate Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5518 |
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Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Title |
Gruppen Management in Aktiv Ställen |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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In einem Aktivstall leben die Pferde in einer Gruppe und sind im ständigen Sozialkontakt mit ihren Artgenossen. Getrennte Funktionsbereiche kennzeichnen das Konzept. Das Kernstück eines Aktivstalles ist die automatisierte Fütterung für Kraft,- Mineral,- und Raufutter. Sie gewährleistet die bedarfsgerechte Fütterung und regt die Pferde zur vermehrten Bewegungsaktivität an. Die Gestaltung der Funktionsbereiche eines Aktivstalles hängt von mehreren Faktoren wie den örtlichen Gegebenheiten, geplanter Gruppengröße und -zusammensetzung sowie betriebs- und arbeitwirtschaftlichen Aspekten ab.
Die Grundlage für die Planung eines Aktivstall – Konzeptes sind die laufenden Erkenntnisgewinne aus Wissenschaft und Forschung, die praktischen Erfahrungen auf Pferdebetrieben sowie die länderspezifischen, offiziellen Richtlinien und Bestimmungen zur Pferdehaltung.
So sind z. B. in Deutschland die aktuellen Untersuchungen zu den Themen automatisierte Fütterungssysteme und Liegeflächengestaltung im Ruheraum von Frau Dr. Zeitler – Feicht und ihrem Team, den ca. 500 Aktivstallbetrieben und den seit dem Jahr 2009 geltenden Leitlinien zur Pferdehaltung unter Tierschutzgesichtspunkten wesentliche Bestimmungsparameter für die Weiterentwicklung des Aktivstall – Konzeptes.
Auf dem IESM 2012 wird den Teilnehmern das Gruppenmanagement in Aktivställen am Beispiel von Praxisbetrieben vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, eine kontinuierliche Verbesserung der Pferdehaltung im Sinne des Tierschutzes in Verbindung mit der Nutzung der Pferde zu erreichen. |
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Corporate Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Deutsch |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Public Day |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5567 |
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Author |
Hillgruber, F.; Zipf, G. |
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Title |
Humans and Horses 300.000 years ago – An approach to public presentation in the research and experience centre Schöningen spears |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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We are introducing a new research and experience center located near the stripmine of Schöningen in western Germany, one of the most important archaeological sites in the world, which is scheduled to open its doors in 2013. The 1995 discovery of wooden hunting spears (Thieme 1997) in conjunction with the remains of hunted and butchered horses (Equus mosbachensis) contributed significantly to change the scientific view of early European Hominids being “marginal scavengers” (Binford 1981, Gamble 1987) to skilled hunters. The remains of at least 19 horses were unearthed along a former lakeshore. Initial publications demonstrate early hominid butchery systematics designed to achieve a thorough acquisition of horse products (Voormolen 2008). In order to get a better understanding of the possible hunting scenario (Thieme 2007) knowledge of wild horse behaviour is of primary interest. The exhibit section of the new center is developed to present an experience oriented concept. Access to artefacts, such as the over 300.000 year old spears, is correlated with exhibits concerning Pleistocene horse morphology, group structure and behaviour of modern day wild horses in order to draw a vivid image of the past |
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Corporate Author |
Hillgruber, F. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5563 |
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Author |
Hausberger, M.; Fureix, C. |
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On the significance of puzzling behaviours: what do yawning and adult play tell us about horse (Equus caballus) welfare? |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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welfare indicators, yawning, adult play, altered welfare, horse |
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Some behaviours remain a mystery and their determinants are still uncertain. Here we propose a critical interpretation of two puzzling behaviours, i.e. yawning and adult play, recorded in large samples of domestic horses kept in sub-optimal conditions (e.g. time-restricted feeding practices, social isolation). Yawning is involved in behavioural state changes, especially in quiet contexts of motor relaxation, but seems also to be triggered by stress and emotional contexts. Thus, we investigated specific correlates of yawning and stereotypic behaviours in two large samples of working horses (n1 = 87, n2 = 59). A clear co-occurrences of yawning and stereotypic behaviours appeared: stereotypic horses yawned more than the non-stereotypic horses (Fisher test, p < 0.02), yawning increased at the same time periods as stereotypic behaviours did (Wilcoxon tests, p < 0.05 to 0.001) and yawning frequency was even sometimes positively correlated with stereotypic behaviour frequencies (Spearman correlations, p < 0.005). Play, more typical of young stages in healthy individuals, occurs rarely at adult stages but then more often in captive/domestic animals (which can be challenging to welfare) than in animals living in natural conditions. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that adult play may reflect altered welfare states in horses, where, as in several species, play rarely occurs at adult stages in natural conditions. We observed the behaviour (in particular social play) of 29 adult riding school horses during occasional outings in a paddock and measured several stress indicators (health-related, behavioural and physiological) when these horses were in their home individual boxes. Results revealed that the number of horses and rates of adult play appeared very high compared to field report data and that most stress indicators measured differed between “players” and “non-players”, revealing that most “playful” animals were more prone to suffer from chronic stress contrarily to “non-playful” horses (Fisher, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests, p < 0.05 to 0.001). Altogether, these results show that yawning and adult play can both reflect altered welfare states in horses, highlighting that these puzzling behaviours should not be considered, as currently thought, as reliable indicators of good welfare states and / or expression of positive emotions. |
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Corporate Author |
Hausberger, M. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5516 |
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Author |
Hampson, B.A.; de Laat, M.A.; Mills, P.C.; Pollitt, C.C. |
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Title |
Distances travelled by feral horses in ‘outback’ Australia |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Summary Reasons for performing study: The distance travelled by Australian feral horses in an unrestricted environment has not previously been determined. It is important to investigate horse movement in wilderness environments to establish baseline data against which the movement of domestically managed horses and wild equidae can be compared. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the travel dynamics of two groups of feral horses in unrestricted but different wilderness environments. Methods: Twelve feral horses living in two wilderness environments (2,000 km2 vs. 20,000 km2) in outback Australia were tracked for 6.5 consecutive days using custom designed, collar mounted global positioning systems (GPS). Collars were attached after darting and immobilising the horses. The collars were recovered after a minimum of 6.5 days by re-darting the horses. Average daily distance travelled was calculated. Range use and watering patterns of horses were analysed by viewing GPS tracks overlaid on satellite photographs of the study area. Results: Average distance travelled was 15.9 ± 1.9 km/day (range 8.1-28.3 km/day). Horses were recorded up to 55 km from their watering points and some horses walked for 12 hours to water from feeding grounds. Mean watering frequency was 2.67 days (range 1 – 4 days). Central Australian horses watered less frequently and showed a different range use compared to horses from central Queensland. Central Australian horses walked for long distances in direct lines to patchy food sources whereas central Queensland horses were able to graze close to water sources and moved in a more or less circular pattern around the central water source. Conclusions: The distances travelled by feral horses were far greater than those previously observed for managed domestic horses and other species of equidae. Feral horses are able to travel long distances and withstand long periods without water allowing them to survive in semi-arid conditions. |
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Corporate Author |
Hampson, B.A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K.; |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5576 |
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Author |
Hampson, B. |
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Title |
The effect of a novel dynamic feeding system on horse behavior and movement |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Abstract |
Horses kept in small enclosures move very little in comparison to horses living in an unconfined environment. There are health consequences of this sedentary lifestyle. The use of GPS allows the accurate quantification of distance travelled by horses. Methods: Ten horses (5 pairs) were alternated between a control paddock and a research paddock, both measuring 20 x 30m. Grass hay was fed from a novel feeding system in the research paddock, while the same hay was fed from a standard hay feeder in the control paddock. In the research paddock access to hay was alternated at 5 min intervals between either side of a fence, forcing horses to walk around a walkway to access feed continuously. The interactive behavior of horses was observed and movement was monitored using GPS. Results: All 10 horses learnt to use the feeding system quickly. Dominance behavior in some horses was modified by competition for feed. On average, horses in the research paddock travelled 5.4 times more distance than in the control paddock. Conclusion: The dynamic feeding system was successful in encouraging horses to exercise in a small paddock. However, due to the exaggeration of dominance behavior in some horses, horses should be well matched if housed in pairs. This system may have application in the management of equine obesity and insulin resistance in horses. KW - |
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Corporate Author |
Hampson, B. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5527 |
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